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Yachts And Fuel – How Much Do They Really Consume?

Fuel is one of many annual running costs of a yacht. Not only does the yacht need fuel for cruising; the generators require it to keep the vessel running while at anchor and underway. As well as this, many of the water sports toys require it too.

Some yachts cross the Atlantic Ocean twice a year between the Mediterranean and Caribbean while others embark on world cruises. That equates to a lot of fuel.

So How Much Do They Really Consume?

According to the Yachting Pages, the longest Superyacht in the world, 180m M/Y Azzam, holds 1,000,000 litres of fuel. To put it into perspective, that is the equivalent of filling a regular hatchback car 23,800 times. Or, six Boeing 747 commercial airliners.

West Nautical’s Vessel Manager, Tony Hildrew, a former Yacht Chief Engineer said:

“Fuel is the single biggest expense when it comes to yacht operations, it is estimated that the global spend on fuel is around $150bn annually however this shouldn’t put you off, there are a number of ways to ensure your fuel consumption doesn’t get out of hand. Implementing a Ships Energy Efficiency Management Plan or SEEMP for short is a great way to keep fuel costs down without compromising on your cruising experience.”

Each yacht will consume fuel differently for a number of reasons. It could be the size and make of the engines. Or, how often the yacht is using generators. As well as the number of tenders and water sports toys on board that require fuel. For example, if the yacht is out at anchor and running on generators 90% of the time, the fuel consumption will be much higher than a yacht that is in a marina at night and connected to shore power and water.

Another factor that will affect fuel consumption is the yacht’s itinerary. This is because the sea conditions will impact how much fuel the engines consume.

How Is Consumption Measured?

You will be able to input the start and ending points of your cruise on the map. This will automatically update the distance table. The next step is to enter the speed, fuel consumption and cost of fuel per litre to determine the cost of the trip.

Here is an example: A fast 30m yacht cruising at 20 knots will consume roughly 400 – 500 litres depending on the engine type. This would equate to the total consumption of 2500 litres for a distance of 100 nautical miles.

Another example is, a 70m yacht looking to travel 100 nautical miles with the engines burning 1000 litres per hour would add up to a total consumption of 8335L for that passage. Depending on where the yacht bunkered, the estimated cost with the price per litre being on the low end at €0.90 per litre would cost a total of €7501.50. An example of a 100 nautical mile passage would take you from Saint Tropez to The North Coast of Corsica.

How Much Does It Cost?

Fuel prices fluctuate depending on which country you bunker in and some places you bunker offer tax free fuel such a Gibraltar and Montenegro. Fuel prices can vary but typically costs between €0.80 and €1.30 per litre.

Yacht charter, sales and management company West Nautical added:

“Fuel costs should be at the top of any yacht owner and captain’s minds for two reasons: to minimise costs as well as reduce the environmental impact of burning unnecessary fuel. The superyacht charter market, more than most other markets, relies on pristine waters for their guests to enjoy their holiday. If the oceans in popular charter destinations are not maintained, it will decrease the demand for yacht charter and therefore the revenue for owners.” “If you are looking for expertise in operational management and engineering in order to plan a SEEMP, West Nautical would be delighted to assist.”

About West Nautical

West Nautical sell, charter and manage superyachts from their head office in Newcastle upon Tyne. The business currently employs a team of 21 staff throughout their offices based in the UK, Russia, France and Cyprus.

  Since their inception over 25 years ago, West Nautical have become recognised as one of the most respected, trusted, knowledgeable and accountable professional services firms in yachting – largely due to their relentless determination to act in our clients’ best interests. Their approach and attitude is transparent, refreshing and focused on providing value-added services delivered simply, elegantly and affordably. 

Visit West Nautical’s website here: https://westnautical.com

For Media enquiries please contact  sarah.mackenzie@westnautical.com

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Top Five Common Marine Generator Issues

• By Lenny Rudow
• May 20, 2024

A boat’s generator can have issues pop up at any time, and knowing the basics of marine generator repair can save the boating day. There are many common issues that arise, which are simple to fix and don’t require specialized tools, but could also shut that generator down cold if you don’t know what’s going on. Here are five simple, but important, issues to know about. The next time you shove off the dock, do so prepared.

Generator Won’t Start

The most common generator problem is a lack of starting power. In fact, this issue arises so often that we can’t fail to mention it even though the causes and fixes are relatively obvious. The issue could be a dead battery, dirty or loose connections or a breaker switch that’s flipped in the wrong direction. Charging or replacing the battery, cleaning and securing the connections and making sure the switches are flipped on will resolve the issue in almost no time

Clogged Generator Fuel Filter

Clogged fuel filters are a very common problem, because gensets tend to sit unused for long periods of time, which means the fuel sits too. Delayed maintenance, and a failure to regularly change the filter, is another cause of this problem. When a vessel’s generator is starving for fuel and idles roughly, has trouble advancing RPM, hesitates or inexplicably sputters to a stop, you should suspect this issue straight away.

The solution is fairly straightforward: change the filter. You do carry a spare, don’t you? There should always be a spare fuel filter aboard for your genset as this is one of the most common genset issues encountered at sea. The specific procedure for changing the filter varies from one system to the next, so be sure to read through your owner’s manual and familiarize yourself with the process before you ever cast off the lines.

Note: This problem is incredibly common with boats that have gasoline gensets and tanks full of fuel with ethanol. In this case, a dose of preventative measures will go a long way. Be sure to treat the fuel with an ethanol-specific additive, try not to let the fuel sit in the tanks for more than a month at a time, and where possible find a pump that has ethanol-free gas.

Clogged Generator Carburetor

On many modern generators there won’t be a carburetor, but if yours has one and it begins having trouble starting, idling roughly, or advances rpm unevenly, there’s a very good chance a clogged carburetor is the culprit. The quick fix means spraying carb cleaner into the carburetor and giving it a few minutes to soak. Most of the time, a blast of carb cleaner will get the genset running, but this isn’t necessarily a long-term fix and the cleaner often does a superficial job. After you return to the dock, plan to remove the carburetor and give it a full cleaning. Also remember that ethanol issues can plague carburetors too, so this is another case where using an additive or finding ethanol-free gas is a good move.

Clogged Water Intake

If your boat’s generator is running hot, the first thing to suspect is a clogged water intake. When your boat isn’t moving, it’s possible for an item to get drawn against the through-hull and held there by suction, so the first thing to try is turning the generator off and running the boat. If the issue arises when your boat is underway, or the problem isn’t a foreign item blocking the intake, the next item to check is the raw-water strainer. Though every boat is a bit different and you need to familiarize yourself with your specific boat’s rigging, generally this will include shutting off the seacock, opening the strainer, removing and cleaning the basket, then replacing it and reopening the seacock. 

No Power From a Running Generator

It might sound strange, but you may find that your generator runs yet produces no electricity. This can happen after a genset sits for long periods of time between uses, and is due to a loss of residual magnetism (the magnetism left from the generator’s last use). It can also be triggered if the generator runs for long periods without a load.

If your generator loses magnetism, you’ll need to “flash” it. Essentially, this process involves feeding some voltage back into the generator from a 12-volt battery, a power tool or an electrical source from one of the boat’s other systems. The process is fairly simple (it may be as easy as touching leads to battery posts for a few seconds), but it can differ from one unit to the next. So, always follow the process outlined in your generator’s owner’s manual.

Of course, you might encounter problems far more significant than these, and need to call in a pro to help with your marine generator repair. But you’re likely to encounter these common genset issues sooner or later, so familiarizing yourself with these quick and easy basic generator repairs will help keep you on the water instead of at the dock.

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Compass Articles

• May 16, 2024

Power On: Selecting the Right Generator for Your Yacht

Introduction to Yacht Generators

Choosing the right generator for your yacht is essential for maintaining comfort and functionality while out on the water. Generators power vital systems such as lighting, air conditioning, refrigeration, and entertainment. To make the right choice, it is important to understand the power needs of your yacht and find a generator that matches these requirements. Factors such as fuel type, size, noise level, and efficiency should all be considered. Having the right generator can greatly enhance your overall yachting experience, making it smoother and more enjoyable. Carefully selecting a generator will ensure reliability and comfort during your travels.

Understanding Power Requirements

The first step in selecting the right generator is to grasp your yacht’s power requirements. This involves adding up the wattage of all the appliances and systems you’ll be running simultaneously. Make a list of all electrical devices, noting their individual wattage to estimate the total load. Don’t forget to account for times of high usage when multiple devices might be in operation. It’s prudent to choose a generator with a higher capacity than your maximum calculated load to handle unexpected power spikes and future upgrades. Having a clear understanding of your power needs will steer you towards the right generator size and capacity.

Types of Yacht Generators

There are several types of yacht generators, each with its own pros and cons. Diesel generators are favored for their durability, fuel efficiency, and longer lifespan. They can handle heavy loads and are considered reliable. Gasoline generators, on the other hand, are usually less expensive upfront but are less fuel-efficient and have shorter lifespans. They also pose a greater fire risk. Hybrid generators, which combine traditional fuel with battery storage, present an eco-friendly option with reduced emissions and fuel consumption. Evaluating these options in relation to your yacht’s specific requirements is key to finding the most suitable generator.

Key Features to Consider

When evaluating generator options, several key features should be taken into account. Noise level is a top consideration, as quieter generators contribute to a more peaceful onboard experience. Models with soundproof enclosures or advanced muffler systems can minimize noise. The size and weight of the generator are also important, as they must fit within your yacht’s available space without impacting balance and performance. Fuel efficiency and run time per tank of fuel are critical, especially for long journeys where fuel stops might be infrequent. Features like automatic start/stop, remote monitoring, and the ability to parallel multiple units can provide added convenience and flexibility.

Fuel Choices and Environmental Impact

Your choice of fuel for the yacht’s generator impacts both performance and environmental sustainability. Diesel generators are known for their efficiency and produce fewer particulates compared to gasoline generators. However, diesel can be harder to find in some areas. Gasoline generators are easier to refuel but tend to produce more emissions and have higher fire risks. Hybrid options incorporating renewable energy sources like solar panels are becoming increasingly popular, offering significant reductions in environmental impact. Evaluating the fuel types and considering the sustainability aspects helps in making an environmentally responsible choice.

Generator Maintenance and Reliability

Maintaining your generator properly is essential for its long-term reliability. Follow the maintenance schedule recommended by the manufacturer, which typically includes checking fuel and oil levels, changing filters, and inspecting the coolant and electrical systems. Keeping a detailed maintenance log helps in identifying issues before they become serious problems. Using high-quality parts and fluids is crucial to prevent wear and tear. Additionally, installing a monitoring system can alert you to potential problems before they cause a failure. Regular maintenance ensures your generator remains dependable, providing power when you need it most.

Fly Yachts, as a leading yacht brokerage, is dedicated to helping you choose the right generator tailored to your specific needs to ensure the best possible yachting experience. Our team is always ready to assist you with expert advice and support.

Fly Yachts provides a range of services for yacht and plane enthusiasts. Start by visiting their  homepage  to get an overview of what they offer. If you’re interested in buying a yacht, super yacht, or center console, check out their  Yachts for Sale  page. For custom yacht builds, go to the  Build a Yacht  section. If you need to sell your yacht, their  Sell Your Yacht  service can help. They also have great  Charter Destinations  for vacations, with more information available  here . If you’re interested in luxury airplanes, visit the  Aircraft for Sale  page. Learn more about Fly Yachts on the  About Us  page and stay updated with the latest news on  Gulfstream News . If you have any questions, their  Contact  page can help. Also, check out their  Compass Articles  for interesting reads on yachting.

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How Much Fuel Does a Yacht Use? An In-Depth Analysis

When it comes to luxury and adventure on the high seas, yachts are the epitome of both. Whether you’re a yacht owner or dreaming of chartering one for your next vacation, understanding the fuel consumption of these majestic vessels is crucial. Fuel usage not only impacts the cost of your journey but also has environmental implications. In this article, we dive into the factors affecting yacht fuel consumption and provide insights to help you estimate how much fuel a yacht uses.

Understanding Yacht Fuel Consumption

Fuel consumption in yachts is influenced by several factors, including the yacht’s size, engine type, cruising speed, and conditions at sea. Here, we break down these elements to give you a clearer picture.

Yacht Size and Engine Type

Yachts come in various sizes, from smaller 40-foot models to massive 100-foot plus luxury liners. Generally, the larger the yacht, the more fuel it consumes. Engine type also plays a significant role. Traditional diesel engines are common, but newer models may feature more efficient or hybrid engines that can impact fuel usage.

Cruising Speed

Speed is a significant factor in fuel consumption. Higher speeds increase resistance in the water, requiring more power and, consequently, more fuel. Cruising at a yacht’s optimal speed, often referred to as the “hull speed,” can help maximize fuel efficiency.

Conditions at Sea

Sea conditions can also affect fuel consumption. Smooth, calm waters allow for more efficient travel, while rough seas can increase fuel use due to the additional power needed to maintain speed and stability.

Estimating Yacht Fuel Consumption

While it’s challenging to provide a one-size-fits-all answer due to the variables involved, we can offer some general guidelines. On average, a yacht might use between 20 to 100 gallons of fuel per hour. Smaller yachts, such as those around 40 feet, tend to be on the lower end of the scale, consuming about 20 to 40 gallons per hour. Larger vessels, which are over 100 feet, can consume significantly more, sometimes exceeding 100 gallons per hour, especially at higher speeds.

Example Calculations

Let’s look at an example. For a 70-foot yacht cruising at a moderate speed of 20 knots, fuel consumption could be around 50 gallons per hour. If you’re planning a 100-mile journey, at 20 knots, it would take you approximately 5 hours. This means the total fuel consumption for the trip could be around 250 gallons.

Tips for Reducing Fuel Consumption

• Cruise at Efficient Speeds: Find and maintain your yacht’s hull speed for optimal fuel efficiency.
• Regular Maintenance: Keep the engine and hull in top condition to reduce drag and ensure the engine runs efficiently.
• Plan Your Route: Opt for the most direct route and consider current sea conditions to minimize unnecessary fuel use.
• Lighten Your Load: Only carry what you need for your journey, as extra weight can increase fuel consumption.

Understanding and managing fuel consumption is crucial for any yacht owner or enthusiast. By considering the factors outlined above and implementing fuel-saving strategies, you can enjoy the luxury of yachting more sustainably and cost-effectively. Whether planning a short excursion or a long voyage, a careful consideration of fuel use will enhance your experience on the water.

Remember, every yacht is unique, and so is its fuel consumption. For specific figures, consult your yacht’s manual or speak with a marine professional who can provide insights tailored to your vessel. Enjoy your time at sea, and sail smartly!

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Measuring your Yacht Fuel Consumption per Hour

Oct 10, 2019

less than a min

How to measure your yacht fuel consumption per hour

Yachts are quite similar to other vehicles in the sense that they work through fuel. Similarly to any other vehicle, it is important to calculate the yacht fuel consumption per hour before you plan a trip or before you purchase a vessel. Fuel consumption is also a good comparison base between boats. Whether before going on a trip, or buying a yacht, you need to have all the facts straight and know how much money you are going to invest not only at once upon purchase but also periodically.

There are different factors in the fuel consumption of a yacht. For example, if you use a generator or if you stay at anchor instead of docking, the fuel consumption will be increased . The itinerary will change fuel consumption as well. Sea is different than roads and the conditions in a sea change more dramatically than on land, which also impacts fuel consumption.

Fuel consumption for boats is measured in gallons per hour . The efficiency of boat fuel is measured in pounds of fuel that are used in an hour per horsepower. In order to be able to read the calculation right, any boat owner should know that gasoline is almost 6.1 pounds per gallon while diesel is 7.2 pounds per gallon .

Usually, if you consider that all sea conditions are pristine, the fuel consumption of a normal diesel engine is 0.4 pounds per hour for each unit of horsepower.

How to calculate yacht fuel consumption

Calculating it by hand is complicated, which is why many people choose to use online calculators . The way it works is it allows you to put down certain parameters that calculate the fuel consumption. These parameters include route , units of measurement and engine power .

Lastly , what most people are interested in is actually the cost of fuel consumption per hour. So the last parameter to include is the current price of fuel . Marine websites usually include this price up to date.

Another step that people have taken is develop a boat fuel consumption chart for their own boat and find the average in a month.

Alternatively, there is a formula that calculates the maximum fuel consumption of the engine which is:

GPH = (specific fuel consumption x HP) / The specific weight of fuel

This formula determines the fuel consumption when the engine is at full speed . If the speed is decreased then the fuel consumption is decreased as well. Basically, what you need to do is include the horsepower rate of the boat and you multiply it by the specific fuel consumption average and you divide that product by the weight of the fuel.

If you want to compare your boats GPH with other boats than you can use TheBoatDB database. If you already have a boat you can register for free and compare it with other boats within the database.

These are simple methods to calculate fuel consumption, however for a precise one you would have to know all the specifics of your boat and put the parameters through the calculator.

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Approximate Diesel Fuel Consumption Chart

This chart approximates the fuel consumption of a diesel generator based on the size of the generator and the load at which the generator is operating at.  Please note that this table is intended to be used as an estimate of how much fuel a generator uses during operation and is not an exact representation due to various factors that can increase or decrease the amount of fuel consumed.

Download Chart to PDF

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Our Guide to Yacht Fuel Capacity and Consumption

by Marine Diesel Specialists | Jul 25, 2023 | Blog , MAN Engines , Yacht Engines , Yacht Upkeep | 0 comments

Fuel consumption for yachts can vary based on factors such as the yacht’s size, weight, design, engine type, cruising speed, and the duration of the journey. Smaller pleasure yachts generally tend to be more fuel-efficient than larger luxury yachts, which may consume more fuel at cruising speed. Efficient navigation planning and optimizing cruising speed can play a crucial role in managing fuel consumption effectively. Regular maintenance and adherence to best practices can also contribute to improved fuel efficiency, ensuring that yacht owners can enjoy their voyages with minimized environmental impact and reduced operational costs. If you wish to understand more about yacht fuel capacity and use, then this article from Marine Diesel Specialists , experts in all things professional marine services , is a great place to start your journey toward understanding.

How Much Fuel Does a Yacht Hold?

Fueling a yacht is a critical aspect of ensuring smooth sailing and an enjoyable journey. The amount of fuel a typical yacht can hold in its tank varies greatly depending on the vessel’s size and purpose. Generally, yachts are designed with fuel tank capacities tailored to their intended use, whether it be coastal cruising or transoceanic voyages.

For smaller pleasure yachts, you can expect to find fuel tank capacities ranging from 200 to 1,000 gallons. These yachts are typically designed for shorter trips, day cruising, or weekend getaways, and their fuel capacities reflect those requirements. On the other hand, larger and more luxurious yachts, like superyachts and mega yachts, boast significantly larger fuel tank capacities. Average yacht fuel capacity can vary anywhere from 10,000 to 50,000 gallons of fuel, allowing them to undertake extended journeys across vast distances with ease. It’s essential for yacht owners and operators to understand their yacht’s fuel tank size and plan their trips accordingly to ensure they have enough fuel to reach their destinations safely.

Remember, knowledge about fuel for yachts and yacht fuel tank sizes is vital to maximizing your sailing experience and minimizing the risk of running out of fuel during your adventures on the open waters. For more in-depth information on this topic, we recommend checking out reputable websites of yacht manufacturers that provide comprehensive data on yacht specifications and fuel capacities. There are many factors that can make the capacity of any specific yacht’s fuel canister better or worse for the owner; one such factor is the amount of resources that are used over the course of a trip out on the water.

How Much Fuel Does a Yacht Use?

Average yacht fuel consumption can vary significantly depending on several factors, including the yacht’s size, weight, and duration of your journey out on the water. It’s crucial to consider the yacht fuel capacity of the vessel and its efficiency to better understand its consumption patterns. Fuel capacity is the total amount of fuel a yacht can hold in its tanks, as we mentioned in our previous discussion on yacht fuel tank sizes. Fuel-efficient yachts are designed to minimize fuel consumption while maximizing performance, providing a more eco-friendly and cost-effective sailing experience.

On average, smaller pleasure yachts with fuel capacities ranging from 200 to 1,000 gallons tend to be more fuel-efficient. They often feature modern technologies and hull designs optimized for reduced resistance and better fuel economy. As a rough estimate, these yachts can consume around 20 to 50 gallons of fuel per hour at cruising speed. Larger luxury yachts, such as superyachts and mega yachts with fuel capacities of 10,000 to 50,000 gallons, may have higher fuel consumption rates, averaging around 100 to 500 gallons per hour at cruising speed.

If you are looking to get the most out of your yacht, then you cannot go wrong with marine diesel services and products for marine vessels that are designed to make every trip out on the water smoother and better than the one before. Luckily our expert marine rebuild specialists are able to provide all of the assistance you could ever need.

The Marine Diesel Experts in Fort Lauderdale Are Here to Help

Welcome to Marine Diesel Specialists, your ultimate destination for comprehensive boat engine care and top-quality products. As an authorized distributor, we take immense pride in offering exceptional MAN diesel marine engines renowned for their unrivaled reliability and outstanding performance. Our esteemed Gulf Coast Diesel Service branch operates with marine rebuild specialists in Fort Lauderdale and Punta Gorda, all dedicated to delivering unparalleled customer satisfaction.

Whether you seek expert guidance on engine selection, reliable repairs, or meticulous maintenance, our seasoned professionals are eager to provide you with comprehensive insights and personalized assistance. We’re committed to ensuring your boating experience is smooth and worry-free. To deepen your knowledge of marine engines, we encourage you to explore our vast collection of informative articles on our marine engine care blog which covers topics ranging from yacht fuel capacity and much more.  Feel free to contact our marine industry professionals today to discover the full spectrum of our offerings and experience our unwavering commitment to excellence.

Related Readings

• Finding the Best Marine Diesel Engine for You
• Benefits of MAN Marine Engines

Our Marine Diesel Specialists offer a variety of products and services to provide marine diesel solutions in Fort Lauderdale and Punta Gorda. Our authorized MAN Engine dealers can offer expert maintenance, repair, and survey services, as well as complete engine, transmission, and generator overhauls. If you are seeking top-quality marine diesel solutions, products, or services, don’t wait to contact our Marine Diesel Specialists and Gulf Coast Diesel Service.

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Diesel Generator Fuel Consumption Chart

This chart approximates the fuel consumption of a diesel generator based on the size of the generator and the load at which the generator is operating.  Please note that this table is intended to be used as an estimate of how much fuel a generator uses during operation and is not an exact representation due to various factors that can increase or decrease the amount of fuel consumed.

If you have questions, already know your requirements, or are interested in purchasing please contact us, or browse our inventory of diesel and natural gas generators. Hardy Diesel has an extensive inventory of new generators, transfer switches, generators ends and generator set accessories from leading manufacturers known for quality, dependability and product support.

Chart numbers represent estimated gallons per hour consumed (Gallons/Hour, Gal/Hour).

Why do some engines burn more fuel than others at the same load? The biggest factor is fuel consumption related to cooling fans and water pumps of various generator sets. For that reason, a 100kW generator will burn more fuel at 10kW than a 10kW generator set.

Can I believe the manufacturer’s spec sheets when it comes to fuel consumption? It depends. There are no established standards or regulations governing how manufacturers measure fuel consumption for generator sets or engines. Additionally, there are no standard conditions in which these tests should be performed, therefore fuel consumption numbers reported can vary from brand to brand.

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Approximate Diesel Fuel Consumption Chart

This chart approximates the fuel consumption of a diesel generator based on the size of the generator and the load at which the generator is operating at. Please note that this table is intended to be used as an estimate of how much fuel is burned during operation and is not an exact representation due to various factors including generator/engine manufacturer, model, age and load.

Download the Diesel Fuel Consumption Chart as a PDF

WPP offers fuel polishing services.  Click here for more information including a short educational video.

At WPP, our diesel fuel polishing service is part of our preventive maintenance program . We strive to maintain and prolong the life of your generator. Plus, it gives you peace of mind knowing that your generator is in perfect working order, and can run for hours whenever you need it.

Our process starts by taking sample of diesel fuel from the middle and bottom of the tank.  The sample is then sent to the lab, which provides a full report on of the quality of fuel in your fuel tank.  This report is shared with you as well as recommended action steps based on the results. The report tells us which and how much biocides we should be using in the polishing process in order to get you the cleanest fuel tank possible.

Depending on your generator and fuel needs, you might need to clean your fuel more or less often. Critical backup generators, generators in harsh climates, and generators with highly contaminated fuel often require more cleaning to prevent damage and make sure they run properly.  In Houston and the Texas Gulf Coast areas, for example, it is recommended to clean and treat your diesel fuel tank every six months.   To view more information on NFPA 110 standards and recommendations, click here .

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Yachting Monthly

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How to convert a yacht to electric propulsion

• Duncan Kent
• May 22, 2024

Thinking about changing your ageing diesel engine for a new all-electric propulsion system? Duncan Kent offers advice on the pros and cons

There are hundreds, if not thousands of yachts still sailing with 40-year-old diesel engines emitting smoke and pollutants, so is now the time to replace them with a clean, low maintenance, pure electric propulsion instead?

The more I’ve looked at sailing yachts that have been converted from diesel to electric auxiliary drive, the more I wonder why you wouldn’t do it, especially now that the cost of hi-tech boat batteries and solar charging has dropped dramatically.

The immediate advantage of changing to marine pure electric drive (PED) systems is that they’re clean, quiet, smell-free and require minimal maintenance, all of which is very appealing if you’ve ever owned a boat with an ancient, clunky diesel. PEDs offer other benefits too. Their reaction to the throttle is instant, which is a boon when berthing in a cramped marina, and once you’re sailing at a decent lick you can generate free ‘fuel’ from the prop.

The disadvantages are the initial cost of the system (largely due to the batteries) and range issues. On a typical 10m cruising yacht it’s just not possible to store enough energy to motor at full tilt for 10 hours a day, so if you’re planning to make long offshore passages regularly then you’ll either need a lot of patience or enough solar and wind generation to power a small village.

But for coastal cruising, often from marina berth to marina berth (what 85% of today’s boat owners do anyway), a PED system is far more viable, especially once your old iron topsail has reached the point where it’s just so much ballast.

If there’s even a little bit of you that would rather not get your hands dirty tinkering with a temperamental diesel, then electric may just be for you. Photo: Fernhurst Books

The devil you know

A diesel engine can provide heaps of grunt when you mistime the tides and want to escape an oncoming storm, provided, of course, that choppy seas haven’t stirred up the inevitable gloop at the bottom of your diesel tank and blocked up your fuel filters.

It’s also fairly simple tech, so, if you’re mechanically minded and have all the tools and spares on board, you can usually keep it turning over. Fuel can also be carried in jerries too, so if it takes a bit longer to thrash your way back into port you can top it up along the way.

You can also leave the boat for months, even years, on end without much harm coming to it and without needing an umbilical cord permanently attached to the shore to keep the expensive power pack in optimum condition.

A spare charged battery, a pair of jump leads, some fresh fuel and bingo, you’re away. But if there’s just a little bit of you that would love to never have to lift the engine box lid and prefer to start your annual cruise with clean fingernails, then sliding soundlessly out of your berth in the early hours must sound appealing.

Range currently remains an issue with battery capacity the limiting factor, but things are improving all the time

Range anxiety

Just as with electric cars, whenever anyone whose vessel is equipped with a conventional diesel falls into a conversation about electric propulsion for boats, the first question is almost always, ‘How far will it go on a charge?’

Well, the answer I’m afraid is simply, ‘It depends.’ How far do you want it to go? Are you willing to toddle along at four knots, or do you want to charge around from port to port like a Greek charter yacht?

I get that it’s not for everyone and, being a mature seafarer myself, I dread to think about losing all power whilst halfway through the Portland Race in the dark. But as with pretty much anything to do with navigating a vessel, you just need to plan things out carefully in advance.

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There are those that say having a finite source of auxiliary propulsion teaches you to sail better, which in many ways is true. The introduction of the powerful modern marine engine has made us all lazy with our tidal planning, knowing, as we do, that you can always resort to the donk to get you home if the log drops below 4 knots or that extra pint in the pub has made you late for the tidal gate.

So, let’s look at some facts. The typical electric propulsion system for a 10m, 6-tonne cruising yacht will usually be designed to provide around five to six hours of gentle cruising in fairly neutral currents at around 4 knots, or maybe 10 hours of motor-sailing, before requiring a charge.

Unlike a car, however, a boat can have solar panels on its deck, coachroof and arch, that can extend this range by another couple of hours, maybe, in the summer.

And then there’s the possibility of regeneration.

Oceanvolt electric ServoProp propeller has electrically controlled pitch which auto adjusts for your speed, or for regeneration

Hydro-regeneration

Nearly all electric motors used in marine propulsion have the capability to turn into a hydro-generator when your speed under sail goes above 4.5 knots or so and the prop/motor is allowed to rotate in reverse.

Regeneration doesn’t make a massive contribution, at best around 750W at 7 knots boat speed per prop, but at 48V (typical electric drive voltage) that’s another useful 15A or so going back into the battery bank.

There are some systems – Oceanvolt’s ServoProp for instance – that incorporate a variable pitch prop. These are capable of a more decent output at lower speeds but are currently seriously expensive.

Either way, I believe solar and hydro-regen should be treated as a bonus when planning your system, not as a given.

If you are unlucky enough to have a few days of no sun or wind you will be back to relying solely on the energy reserves held in your battery bank.

For those who really can’t get over the nagging worry of running out of drive power on a passage, there’s always the option of installing a hybrid system, in which a standby diesel engine is always on hand to get you out of an emergency.

Oceanvolt’s award-winning HighPower ServoProp 25 electric saildrive

Variable pitch props

A normal fixed propeller is designed for propelling the boat and not for generating power as with a hydro-generator. However, Oceanvolt’s DAME award-winning ServoProp saildrive, suitable for monohulls and multihulls from 35-90ft LOA, features a variable pitch prop that combines a high efficiency saildrive with a powerful hydro-generator.

With its unique ability to rotate its propeller blades through more than 180°, ServoProp’s control software adjusts the pitch of the propeller blades to automatically optimise all hydro-generation and propulsion needs.

Oceanvolt claims that a normal fixed propeller generates less than half the power of ServoProp, which it states can produce more than 1kW at 6-8 knots, and 5kW at 10 knots.

It also estimates a 30% increase in forward propulsion, +100% in reverse, and +300% in hydro-generation mode.

Renowned marine propeller supplier, Bruntons, has also launched its Autoprop Eco*Star, designed specifically to propel the rapidly growing number of hybrid and pure electric craft, both motor and sail.

Autoprops are highly efficient because of their ability to auto-pitch depending on engine speed and sea conditions, in order to provide optimum thrust at all times. But with electric propulsion the advantages provided by the new Eco*Star propellers are further extended.

Electric motors provide a constant torque from zero to maximum rpm. Using its auto-pitching ability, the Eco*Star can match its own efficiency curve with that of the electric motor, resulting in more boat speed with less energy.

Eco*Star can spin when under sail allowing the motor to become a generator for recharging the batteries.

Battery setup in an Oceanvolt electric propulsion unit

Drive types

Shaft drive – In most cases it’s possible to retain the shaft and stern gland from an existing shaft drive ICE system, although you’ll probably need a new shaft bearing and coupler unless it is a direct-drive system. The propeller will also probably need to be changed if you want regeneration when sailing.

Saildrive – In many ways electric saildrive units are easier than shaft drives because, as with pods, they come as a complete package with the correct propeller for optimum regeneration. They’re also more efficient at regeneration as the propshaft can be aligned horizontally, unlike shafts, which are usually angled slightly downwards. Some owners choose to convert from a shaft to a saildrive for this reason.

Pod drive – Electric drive pods are similar to saildrives, except they have a direct-drive motor at the bottom of the leg, which allows them to benefit from automatic cooling. Electric drive pods also only require a few small holes in the hull, usually two to four for mounting the unit and one for the routing of the power cable. Pod props and motors are also designed with optimum regeneration in mind.

Most PED systems on small to medium-sized yachts utilise a 48V battery bank. Although there are some that still use deep-cycle AGM battery technology, the only realistic battery chemistry currently available for marine PED systems is lithium-ion.

The safest of the li-ion group is lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). While not the most energy dense of the lithium-ion group, they have been proven to be the safest type of li-ion cells to install into a boat, where a battery fire would be catastrophic.

Originally, many professionally built and installed marine electric drive systems utilised other, more volatile types of li-ion batteries such as nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) or lithium manganese oxide (LMO).

System displays can give real time readouts of battery capacity, power usage and remaining range

These types of li-ion are commonly used in the automotive industry for their high capacity, but are wholly reliant on their highly sophisticated battery management system (BMS) to keep them operating within safe parameters.

Apart from preventing a fire risk, the problem with relying on a BMS to monitor the batteries is what happens if something triggers a safety shutdown, causing your boat to lose power completely. A battery shutdown isn’t as drastic as having a lithium battery fire on board, but the total loss of propulsion isn’t ideal, even on a sailing boat.

It’s worse, of course, if you use the same power bank for your house power. Then the loss of your navigation and communications facilities at the same time can be extremely dangerous. For this reason, I would always recommend keeping motor and house banks entirely separate from each other.

If you’re happy to have the more volatile batteries on board or are forced to in order to achieve the desired range, then I highly recommend you have your system professionally designed, installed and commissioned.

Yes, it’ll be expensive, but you’ll sleep at night!

The battery monitoring system will control charge from all sources

Charging a motor bank

Having a much lower internal resistance, li-ion batteries will charge more rapidly than lead-acid batteries because they can accept a much higher rate of charge.

A good quality battery can usually accept a charge up to its own capacity, meaning a 100Ah battery can be charged at 100A. This is called a capacity acceptance rate (CAR) of 1C, and is important when it comes to charging overnight, with the intention of continuing your cruise early the next day.

It also enables various different methods of charging to be accepted simultaneously, provided the combined charge doesn’t exceed 1C, so you can be using solar to its max while also charging from shore power. Another advantage of using li-ion over lead-acid batteries is the BMS can be networked to all charging sources to provide control over the charging regime, plus the data can provide power monitoring at a glance.

Costs of converting

The cost of installing a complete pure electric drive system on a yacht depends on how far and how fast you want to motor between battery charges. The greater the range or faster the speed required, the more battery capacity you’ll need.

A typical 40hp diesel replacement will cost close to £20k including all the parts and installation. A DIY-installed PED replacement would cost £15-£25k, depending on the number of batteries specified, whereas a professionally designed and installed pure electric drive system is more likely to be in the region of £30-£45k.

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