tornado olympic class catamaran

Yachting World
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World’s coolest yachts: Tornado catamaran

April 20, 2021

We ask top sailors and marine industry gurus to choose the coolest and most innovative yachts of our times. This month, Carolijn Brouwer nominates the Tornado catamaran

“The Tornado catamaran is a really cool boat. It was my introduction to high performance sailing and it had a big influence on me in many ways.

“Once you get a taste for it, there is no way back. Sailing the Tornado opened up different doors for me in my sailing career,” says Carolijn Brouwer .

The Tornado catamaran was for many years the fastest Olympic sailing class and was the first catamaran to be introduced to the Olympic Games. It was first sailed in the 1976 Olympic Games and saw its last Olympic appearance in 2008.

There was not multihull option for sailing at the Olympic Games in 2012, but the Tornado undoubtedly led the way for the current catamaran class, the Nacra 17, which must be sailed with a female and a male member of the crew.

“Sailing the Tornado is where I got the feel for apparent wind sailing. It’s a pretty big cat in the small boat sailing world with its 20ft length and 10ft width creating decent loads and righting moment.

“Also, the Tornado was the only Open discipline at the Olympic Games but it was extremely male dominated.”

Brouwer helmed for Belgium at the 2008 Games, sailing a Tornado catamaran with crew Sébastien Godefroid. “I hope this showed that being a woman you can compete at a high level and be very competitive against men in a mixed gender configuration – just like the great Paul Elvstrøm did sailing with his daughter.”

Tornado catamaran stats rating:

Top speed: 20 knots LOA: 20ft/6.1m Launched: 1967 Berths: 0 Price: £23,000 Adrenalin factor: 70%

Carolijn Brouwer

A three-time Whitbread/Volvo Ocean Race crew, Carolijn Brouwer is also a three-time Olympian. She was born in the Netherlands and represented the country at the 2000 and 2004 Olympics in first the 470, and then the Europe. She then switched to the Tornado, representing Belgium in 2008, when she finished 12th.

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The Tornado was designed specifically for Olympic competition and made a first Games appearance in 1976. It has become a successful international class on its own merits and enhanced by rig upgrades it remains the fastest, most spectacular of the Olympic boats. Equipped with over 49sqm of sail area, twin trapeze, and asymmetric spinnaker, the boat is capable of an incredible 30 knots. The class has seen a resurgence in the UK in the past few years with new boats being built again in the UK by Graham Eeles in Brightlingsea. The class association (UKITA) is very active - there are regular long-distance and open meetings for the the Tornado in the UK and a spectacular national championships. by Paul Mines

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Sailboat Guide

Tornado Catamaran

Tornado Catamaran is a 20 ′ 0 ″ / 6.1 m catamaran sailboat designed by Reg White and Rodney March and built by Sailcraft Ltd., Marstrom Composite AB, and Windrush Yachts starting in 1966.

Rig and Sails

Auxilary power, accomodations, calculations.

The theoretical maximum speed that a displacement hull can move efficiently through the water is determined by it's waterline length and displacement. It may be unable to reach this speed if the boat is underpowered or heavily loaded, though it may exceed this speed given enough power. Read more.

Classic hull speed formula:

Hull Speed = 1.34 x √LWL

Max Speed/Length ratio = 8.26 ÷ Displacement/Length ratio .311 Hull Speed = Max Speed/Length ratio x √LWL

Sail Area / Displacement Ratio

A measure of the power of the sails relative to the weight of the boat. The higher the number, the higher the performance, but the harder the boat will be to handle. This ratio is a "non-dimensional" value that facilitates comparisons between boats of different types and sizes. Read more.

SA/D = SA ÷ (D ÷ 64) 2/3

SA : Sail area in square feet, derived by adding the mainsail area to 100% of the foretriangle area (the lateral area above the deck between the mast and the forestay).
D : Displacement in pounds.

Ballast / Displacement Ratio

A measure of the stability of a boat's hull that suggests how well a monohull will stand up to its sails. The ballast displacement ratio indicates how much of the weight of a boat is placed for maximum stability against capsizing and is an indicator of stiffness and resistance to capsize.

Ballast / Displacement * 100

Displacement / Length Ratio

A measure of the weight of the boat relative to it's length at the waterline. The higher a boat’s D/L ratio, the more easily it will carry a load and the more comfortable its motion will be. The lower a boat's ratio is, the less power it takes to drive the boat to its nominal hull speed or beyond. Read more.

D/L = (D ÷ 2240) ÷ (0.01 x LWL)³

D: Displacement of the boat in pounds.
LWL: Waterline length in feet

Comfort Ratio

This ratio assess how quickly and abruptly a boat’s hull reacts to waves in a significant seaway, these being the elements of a boat’s motion most likely to cause seasickness. Read more.

Comfort ratio = D ÷ (.65 x (.7 LWL + .3 LOA) x Beam 1.33 )

D: Displacement of the boat in pounds
LOA: Length overall in feet
Beam: Width of boat at the widest point in feet

Capsize Screening Formula

This formula attempts to indicate whether a given boat might be too wide and light to readily right itself after being overturned in extreme conditions. Read more.

CSV = Beam ÷ ³√(D / 64)

The TORNADO first appeared as winner of the 1967 international “B” class catamaran trials. It was an Olympic class from 1976-2008. The class rules were changed to allow twin trapezes, ‘flat head’ mainsail, and asym. spinnaker.(2004?)

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Published on June 1st, 2021 | by Editor

Tornado: World’s coolest yachts

Published on June 1st, 2021 by Editor -->

Yachting World has been asking top sailors and marine industry gurus to choose the coolest and most innovative yachts of our times , and two-time World Sailor of the Year Carolijn Brouwer nominated the Tornado catamaran. The Scuttlebutt editor concurs the Tornado is one of the sweetest boats he’s ever sailed… here’s the report :

“The Tornado catamaran is a really cool boat. It was my introduction to high performance sailing and it had a big influence on me in many ways,” said the Dutch three-time Whitbread/Volvo Ocean Race crew and three-time Olympian.

“Once you get a taste for it, there is no way back. Sailing the Tornado opened up different doors for me in my sailing career.”

“Also, the Tornado was the only Open discipline at the Olympic Games but it was extremely male dominated.”

For Yachting World’s list of cool boats, click here .

Tags: Carolijn Brouwer , coolest yachts , Tornado , Yachting World

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November 30, 1999 by Sail1Design Editor Leave a Comment

The Tornado was designed in the autumn of 1967 by Rodney March from England, with help from Terry Pierce, and Reg White, specifically for the purpose of being the new Olympic Catamaran, which was to be selected by the IYRU in an Olympic Catamaran Trials. The boat was developed mainly in Brightlingsea, England.

International Status was granted to the Tornado as a result of its outright winning of the IYRU Trials held in England. The next step, adding the Catamaran event to the Olympic program, occurred two years later, with the result that the first Catamaran event, sailed in 1976 in Canada, was sailed in the Tornado. The Tornado is an outstanding example of a class that was designed specifically for Olympic competition that has become a successful International class on its own merits.

2000 Olympic Silver Medalists: Darren Bundock and John Forbes (AUS)The Tornado has since remained unchallenged as the ultimate one-design catamaran. With its modern, stylish rigging and sleek lines the Tornado is quick to catch the eye of any water-drawn on-looker as it speeds across harbors, lakes, and oceans in over 30 countries around the world. With its ability to reach speeds of 15-18 knots upwind and downwind, and 33+ knots reaching, the Tornado is truly the purists’ speed machine.

Over 4,800 Tornados have been built, with 1,200 class association members worldwide. In 2004, on the Saronikos Gulf in Greece, the Tornado will be sailing in its seventh Olympic Games.

Except for refinements in technical details – improvements in hull, sail, and spar technology, better blocks and lines – the Tornado was unchanged from its beginnings in to the early 90’s. Then, as a result of the increasing popularity of other, smaller catamarans, the Tornado class undertook a major development program in 1993. It was specifically to respond to a request from the IYRU to search for ways to improve the public and media awareness of the sport of yachting, and secondarily to answer the possible challengers to its ‘top cat’ role.

Two weeks of intensive on-the-water testing and development took place in Miami, following considerable discussion and planning. Among the participants were the three medalists from Barcelona as well as designer Reg White. The International Tornado Association spent nearly US$22,000 on the testing, evaluation, reporting, and finally balloting process to the class membership, to find the fairest and best ways to improve the class and the sport in ways acceptable to the sailors.

The testing involved 10 standard and fully competitive Tornados, one boat with a larger main and jib, and two boats with a variety of sailplans that included spinnakers of up to 32 sq. M. Fourteen races were run over the testing period in addition to in-line speed and handling evaluations.

As part of the testing process, new courses were also used, most involving a leeward gate.

Following the testing and regatta, the following points were clear; the larger main/jib combination was only marginally faster than the standard rig, and the spinnaker boats were a surprise, only beating the standard rigs in 2 of the 14 races. The ITA then balloted the class membership, with not only the conclusions but also all of the data and the testing procedure, helping to provide insights to the rig selection process.

A two-thirds majority is required by the class constitution to implement any change; this majority was not reached, the class voting against the expense of a change with no real benefit to sailing. Thus the class retained the same sailplan for the next two Olympics. The course changes, giving the possiblity of better spectator access and greater media coverage, received the votes necessary to be adopted by the class.

The Class felt then that the changes in course, rather than changes in the equipment, would have a greater impact on public awareness and media coverage. Courses are adjustable in length for wind, thus giving a fixed racing time for the event, and the shorter-than-before course also tend to keep the boats closer, making the racing more exciting and more easily viewed. The fixed Start/Finish lines also is a help, allowing faster turn-around times between races. The new course formats have been in use in the World Championship beginning in ’93, and have proven popular with both the sailors and committees, and are continued today.

The issue of changes in the boat were revisited in 1999, when the ISAF decided to have a Multihull Evaluation Trials in France to look at “possible replacements” in the Olympic program for the Tornado. At the time, there were a number of technical changes in materials that allowed for better spinnakers, and better control, and there were then a number of successful double-trapeze plus spinnaker catamarans on the market in the Tornado size range – 20 feet – that were becoming popular.

The Trials were interesting. Except for the custom, all-carbon Marstrom 20, the standard Tornado dominated upwind, beating all production challengers from Hobie, Nacra, Mystere, and others. Only by piling on sail area, plus a spinnaker, were any of the challengers able to beat the Tornado around the race course, and even then the advantage disappeared as the wind increased. But the extra athleticism needed to sail with a double trapeze, and the extra visual interest provided by the spinnakers, was undeniable, and the final outcome was that the ISAF decreed that the equipment for the 2004 Olympics would be the “Tornado with double trapeze and spinnaker”, and left it up to the class how to implement the changes.

The class took an approach that allowed some development and testing, with the goal of keeping crew weight in the same range as with the old rig. The final result, approved by the class in early 2001, were both evolutionary and radical. First was a new mainsail with a flat top and more area, providing more heeling moment to compensate for the double instead of single trapeze and help keep crew weights with the same range. Second, done to clear the trampoline to make spinnaker work possible, was to redesign the jib. The new jib had the same area, but was longer on the luff and shorter on the foot to allow it to be sheeted to the main beam. Interestingly, this change, moving the sail area forward, overcame one of the Tornado’s handicaps, tacking, and made this maneuver much easier. The innovation of a self-tacking jib appeared later in 2001, and was quickly adopted by the entire fleet. Finally, of course, there was the spinnaker, and the class set only size limits, allowing the question of spinnaker handling equipment to be settled on the race course. Again, the advantages of spinnaker launching tubes quickly established themselves, and became a class standard. Interestingly, the two biggest boathandling improvements, the self-tacking jib and the spinnaker tubes, were quickly adopted by the classes below the Tornado, especially the International Formula 18, which was becoming the Tornado trainer for future Olympians.

Class website: http://www.tornado.org/

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Sail optimization for upwind sailing: application in a Tornado, the Olympic class catamaran

Original Article
Published: 31 July 2008
Volume 13 , pages 190–206, ( 2008 )

Cite this article

Ana Laverón-Simavilla 1 ,
Victoria Lapuerta 1 ,
Sebastián Franchini 1 &
Angel Sanz 1

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A study of a boat's motion is carried out in order to analyze the aerodynamic properties of the optimal sail for obtaining the maximum velocity when sailing to windward. The mechanics study shows the optimal C L and C D for a given sail and how the shape of the aerodynamic polar of the sail should be. A parametrical analysis of the aerodynamics of a sail is then carried out varying the maximum camber, position of the maximum camber in the chord direction and position of the maximum camber in the mast direction. The parametric analysis is done numerically with a vortex lattice method (VLM) and experimentally in a wind tunnel. The results show that the influence of the relevant parameters studied can be reduced to the variation of two parameters, A and B , defining the polar of the sail, C D = B + A 2 C L 2 ; and the influence of parameters A and B on the maximum VMG obtainable are calculated.

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Encore: Sailing; Aerodynamics Plus Hydromechanics

Battens Modelling and Optimization in Air-Sail Interaction Analysis

Fluid–structure interaction of downwind sails: a new computational method.

A. Cirello, F. Cucinotta, … F. Sfravara

Abbreviations

coefficient of the polar of the sail defined as $ C_{{\text{D}}} = B + A^{2} C_{{\text{L}}}^{2} $

profile chord

drag coefficient

hydrodynamic force coefficient in the direction normal to the yacht speed

hydrodynamic force coefficient in the direction of the yacht speed

lift coefficient

optimal sailing lift coefficient

heeling moment coefficient made dimensionless with the apparent wind velocity

heeling moment coefficient made dimensionless with the true wind velocity

chord of the root section of the sail

chord of the tip section of the sail

aerodynamic force

hydrodynamic force

Froud number, $ F_{n} = \frac{{\left| {\vec V_{s} } \right|}}{{\sqrt {gD_{{\text{h}}} } }} ,$ where g is the gravity and D h is the characteristic length scale of hydraulic depth

$ \frac{{\rho _{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}}} S_{{\text{H}}} }}{{\rho _{{\text{a}}} S_{{\text{A}}} }} $

maximum camber of the profile expressed as a percentage of its chord length

slope of the twist profile

aerodynamic Reynolds number, $ R_{{n{\text{A}}}} = \rho _{a} \frac{{\left| {V_{{\text{A}}} } \right|\bar C_{{\text{A}}} }}{{\mu _{{\text{A}}} }} $ , being $ \bar C_{{\text{A}}} $ the media chord of the sail and μ A the dynamic viscosity of the water

hydrodynamic Reynolds number, $ R_{{{\it{n}\text{H}}}} = \rho _{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}}} \frac{{V_{{\text{s}}} L_{{{\text{hull}}}} }}{{\mu _{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}}} }}, $ being L hull the length of the hull and $ \mu _{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}}} $ the dynamic viscosity of the air

characteristic area of the sail

characteristic area of the hull

apparent wind speed

Velocity Made Good

velocity made good

yacht speed

air density

water density

angle of attack of the sail

drift angle

aerodynamic efficiency of the sail

hydrodynamic efficiency of the hull

location of the profile with maximum camber along the mast direction as a percentage of the sail span

location of the maximum camber along the chord of the profile expressed as a percentage of the chord

taper ratio

twist angle of each profile

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Acknowledgments

This work has been sponsored by the Spanish Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD) and by the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and is part of a more general endeavour for the study of sails design.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

E.T.S.I. Aeronáuticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain

Ana Laverón-Simavilla, Victoria Lapuerta, Sebastián Franchini & Angel Sanz

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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Victoria Lapuerta .

About this article

Laverón-Simavilla, A., Lapuerta, V., Franchini, S. et al. Sail optimization for upwind sailing: application in a Tornado, the Olympic class catamaran. J Mar Sci Technol 13 , 190–206 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-008-0007-4

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Received : 05 June 2007

Accepted : 28 February 2008

Published : 31 July 2008

Issue Date : August 2008

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-008-0007-4

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Sail optimization for upwind sailing: application in a Tornado, the Olympic class catamaran

2008, Journal of Marine Science and Technology

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See More Documents Like This

Category : Tornado (catamaran)

Media in category "tornado (catamaran)".

The following 15 files are in this category, out of 15 total.

Sport catamarans
Olympic sailing classes
Sailing dinghies
Uses of Wikidata Infobox

What type of sailing boats are used at the Olympics?

Ilca 6 and ilca 7.

Designed by Bruce Kirby in 1969, the ILCA 7 contributed to a huge increase in recreational sailing because of its speed, affordability and easy maintenance. Relatively lightweight, the boat is 4.23 meters long (approximately 13 feet 9 inches) with a 7.06 square meter mainsail (approximately 76 square feet).

Making its Olympic debut in 2008, the ILCA 6 is essentially a smaller version of the ILCA 7, using the same fiberglass hull. With a shorter lower-mast and a sail 14 feet smaller than that of the ILCA 7, the boat is more conducive for lighter sailors, making it a great boat for women's racing.

An Olympic class since the Montreal Games in 1976, the boat was originally designed by French architect Andre Cornu in 1963, and was named after its length: 4.70 meters (approximately 15 feet). The two-person centerboard dinghy is malleable to all levels of sailors and is used both recreationally and competitively around the world.

The boat's light frame makes it responsive to movements of the sailors, and thus the skipper and the crew generally complement each other in weight. Three sails are used: the main, jib and spinnaker. Typically taller and heavier than the skipper, the crew hangs out on the trapeze to balance the boat depending on the conditions.

Originally an open-class boat, the event was divided in 1988 when the women's 470 was introduced. Starting at the Paris 2024 Games, the boat will be sailed by a mixed-gender crew for the first time.

NACRA started in the U.S. as an acronym for "North American Catamaran Racing Association" in 1975. Selected by the International Sailing Federation (ISAF) in May 2012 as the equipment for the mixed multihull event, the Nacra 17 made its Olympic Games competition debut at the Rio Games.

The Nacra 17 was created fully in line with the specifications given by ISAF. An agile high speed machine, the hull of the Nacra 17 measures 5.25 meters long (approximately 17 feet, 2 inches), the beam measures 2.59m long (approximately 8-6) and the mainsail has an area of 14.45 square meters (approximately 155 square feet). The curved daggerboards add a distinct dimension to the multihull catamaran making for reduced sheet loads and mitigating the impact of the crew weight.

Designed by Australian Julian Bethwaite specifically for the 2000 Games in Sydney, the 49er is a high speed, high performance boat.

The name of the 49er derives from its hull length of 4.99 meters (approximately 16 feet). A mainsail, jib, and spinnaker comprise the three sails of this two-person skiff. It has twin trapezes and retractable wings that spread 2.74 meters (approximately 9 feet) in width, giving the boat the appearance of a manta-ray. The trapezes allow the crew to use their weight to balance the boat. With a 38 square meter spinnaker area (approximately 409 square feet), it is very large for such a small boat, making the 49er one of the fastest at the Olympics. While its speed is certainly a draw, the 49er is also one of the hardest boats to operate and requires agility and successful teamwork, without which the boat can easily flip.

Developed by Mackay Boats, the FX rig was trialed and selected by the ISAF as the women's 49er event for the Rio Games. The FX was specifically designed to accommodate lighter crews and be perfectly suited for the 49er hull. Similar to its 49er counterpart, the 49erFX is a high performance skiff that demands athleticism, skill and balance. The FX mast height is 7.5 meters (approximately 24 feet), with the mainsail measuring 13.8 square meters (approximately 149 square feet).

What type of boards are used at the Olympics?

iQFoil is the newest windsurfer class and will make its Olympic debut at the 2024 Paris Olympics, replacing the RS:X class, which had been a staple of Olympic windsurfing for years. It involves windsurfers equipped with hydrofoils, known as foiling boards, which lift the board out of the water to reduce drag and increase speed. The average speed of the iQFoil is approximately 42 km/h (26 mph), which is significantly faster than the RS:X. In order to achieve maximum speeds, a high level of focus on balancing the board is essential.

The iQFoil performs best in light winds. The board is wider and shorter than the RS:X, making it compact and agile.

IKA Formula Kite

Also making its Olympic debut in Paris is the kiteboarding class Formula Kite. Similar to the iQFoil, Formula Kite also involves hydrofoils. Kiteboarders use a large controllable kite to propel themselves across the water on a small surfboard-like board. The design of Formula Kite boards prioritizes stability, control, and efficiency, enabling competitors to maneuver quickly and smoothly across the water while harnessing the power of the kite.

The boards are typically lightweight and highly responsive, allowing for precise control during the race.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do olympic sailors use their own boats.

Typically, all boats and equipment are provided by the organizing committee of the Olympic Games or by event organizers. For each class or event, a fleet of class-approved boats are made available for training and racing. This ensures a level playing field for all. However, competitors may bring their own personal equipment, such as sails, rigging, and personal gear.

What equipment is used for Olympic sailing?

In addition to the boats or boards used at the Olympics, competitors also use sails and rigging specific to their boat. (These include mainsails, jibs, the mast, the boom and rigging components like sheets, halyards, and control lines.)

Competitors are also required to wear appropriate safety gear including personal flotation devices, wetsuits or drysuits, and helmets in some classes. Competitors may also use GPS devices and radios to aid in racing and communication with support boats or race officials.

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World Champions

History of Tornado World Champions from 1968 through to today along with locations and competitor numbers where they are available.

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Heartland National Duals

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2024 Last Chance Olympic Team Trials Qualifier Entires

The 2024 Last Chance Olympic Team Trials Qualifier is set to take place April 6-7 in Fairfax, Virginia. This event will feature some of the country's best wrestlers, with the winners at each weight qualifying for the 2024 Olympic Trials. Check out the entries for this event in the below article.