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What You Need to Know About Chart Symbols

Learning to drive requires you to learn how to read a map sometimes. Learning how to sail means you need to know how to read charts. Of course, we have a lot of electronics that can do this job for us these days. If you’re ever stuck without power and you need to read a chart , you’ll need to be familiar with chart symbols.

The symbols on nautical charts have been developed by the International Hydrographic Organization. Most of the chart symbols you look up online will be provided by a document called U.S. Chart No. 1, Nautical Chart Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms. This has been developed by the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA). Also, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). You can get them as paper charts or on electronic chart display. Regardless if you use paper charts or electronic, this info is used all over the world.

U.S. Chart No. 1 covers all waters in America, including the Great Lakes. Knowing all the symbols abbreviations and terms will ensure you can read a chart and sail safely. Though there are other guides out there, U.S. Chart No. 1 is the basis for all the information you’ll find.

Understanding Chart Symbols

There are numerous categories of chart symbols. Not every symbol will appear on every chart and it’s likely some symbols you’ll be totally unfamiliar with. Other chart symbols are very commonplace and it’s good to be able to recognize them. U.S. Chart No. 1 covers even the most obscure symbols.

Most simple chart symbol guides break down the following categories:

Topography: things like landmarks and coastal features

Hydrography: things like currents and depths

Navigation aids: things like buoys and lights. These are the chart symbols most relevant to many boaters.

Index and abbreviations: symbols abbreviations and the index to help navigate them

How to Read Nautical Chart Symbols

On any given nautical chart there is a lot of information. When you understand chart symbols and abbreviations, you can avoid a lot of dangers.

As you can see in the above image, there are many numbers and symbols used on nautical charts. Using U.S. Chart No. 1, you can scroll through the categories to see what everything means. For instance;

Number Chart Symbols: These numbers indicate water depth. You can appreciate why this would be important for sailing.

Tear Drop Chart Symbols: These can be pointed in different directions. When you see a teardrop shape used on nautical charts, that indicates a light and the direction it is pointed.

Chart Differences

Paper charts and electronic charts can use different symbols to show buoys. For some charts these will be diamond shaped. For others they are separated, like two triangles together in an almost-diamond shape. Navigation aids like buoys are lights are important for sailing, so you definitely want to understand these.

Nautical Chart Symbol Differences

The left side shows symbols from International Charts and Chart Specifications of the IHO

The center symbols are on charts from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. That’s usually abbreviated as NOAA.

The right column shows symbols from Electronic Navigational Chart. Also from Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems. Use of ECDIS is required for large commercial ships.

There can be some crossover. For instance, NOAA will often share symbols with International Hydrographic Organization and therefore a column may be blank. However, if the NOAA use their own symbol, it will be present.

All of this is present on Chart No 1.

The Bottom Line

Nautical chart symbols can seem overwhelming at first. When you first see a nautical chart, it’s almost like information overload. Remember that nautical chart symbols are there to keep you safe and more. They provide valuable information and when it comes to being informed, more information is always better. Not every piece of information on every nautical chart will be relevant to you, though.

Chart No 1 is free to download from many websites, including  on the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency page. Get your own here to familiarize yourself with the symbols abbreviations and terms. It’s good to check back now and then in case a new edition is released. They will update an edition as new information becomes relevant.

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The Ultimate Guide to Nautical Chart Symbols: Boat with Ease

Learning how to use a boat also means learning how to read and use nautical charts . Today, apps like savvy navvy provides digital solutions to instantly check your position, review electronic chart data, weather forecasts and even plot routes. However, it is still important to fully understand charts and be confident reading them so that you can cross-check your digital and traditional navigation plans. 

Nautical charts contain a wealth of information , including charted depths, key landmarks and navigational aid symbols. Understanding these symbols is crucial for safe navigation.

In this guide, we will take a look at some of the most common nautical chart symbols and what they mean.

• Depths: Depth information is one of the most important features on a nautical chart as they help you ensure there is enough clearance between the underside of your hull/keel and any obstacles around or below you. Depth information is typically represented by contour lines that indicate the depth of the water at a specific location. The contour lines are usually marked with numbers that represent the depth in feet. In addition to the contour lines, there may be symbols that indicate shallow areas, such as rocks or shoals.
• Navigational Aids: Navigational aids are markers that help mariners navigate the waters safely. They are typically represented by symbols that indicate their type and location. For example, a lighthouse may be represented by a symbol that looks like a tower with a light on top. Buoy symbols may indicate the type of buoy and its colour. Within savvy navvy you can also see the name of the buoy and its light flashing sequence. 
• Obstructions: Obstructions are hazards that mariners need to be aware of. Examples of obstructions include rocks, shoals, wrecks, and other obstructions that may require avoiding. Obstructions are typically represented by symbols that indicate their location and type. For example, a rock may be represented by a symbol that looks like a small island, while a wreck may be represented by a symbol that looks like a shipwreck.
• Anchorages: Anchorages are areas where mariners can safely anchor their vessels. They are typically represented by anchor-like symbols that indicate safe anchorage locations or no-anchor zones. Anchorages may also be marked with depth information, so mariners can determine if the water is deep enough to anchor their vessel.
• Channels : Channels are routes that mariners can follow to navigate the waters safely into a given marina, anchorage or passageway. They are represented by symbols that indicate their location and width. Channel symbols may also indicate the direction of flow and any hazards that mariners need to be aware of as well as any recommended course of entry.
• Landmarks: Landmarks are features on the land that can be used as an aid for navigation. They are typically represented by symbols that indicate their location and type. For example, a church may be represented by a symbol that looks like a small building with a cross on top.
• Fishing Areas : Fishing areas are areas where commercial and recreational fishing is permitted. They are often represented by symbols that indicate their location and the type of fishing that is allowed.
• Military Zones : Military zones are areas where military activities are taking place. They are usually represented by symbols that indicate their location and the type of military activity that is taking place.

How to read nautical chart symbols?

Nautical chart symbols represent various features and navigational hazards on a nautical chart. 

Here are some tips on how to read nautical chart symbols:

• Understand the colour coding: Nautical charts use a system of colours to indicate water depth. Blue indicates deep water, while green, yellow, and brown indicate progressively shallower depths.
• Know the difference between land and water features: Land features are usually shown in brown, while water features are shown in blue or green. Common land features include shorelines, mountains, and buildings, while common water features include buoys, channels, wrecks and shoals.
• Identify navigational hazards: Symbols for navigational hazards such as rocks, wrecks, and underwater obstructions are usually shown in black or red. Pay attention to these symbols, as they indicate potential dangers to navigation.
• Look for additional information: charts often contain additional information such as depth soundings, tides and currents, and navigation aids such as buoys and lighthouses. Pay attention to these details to ensure safe navigation.
• Consult the legend: The legend or key on a nautical chart contains important information about the symbols used. Take the time to familiarise yourself with the symbols and their meanings before using the chart.
• Consider using electronic charting systems : Electronic charting systems, such as those found on modern GPS devices or apps like savvy navvy boat navigation app , can simplify the process of reading nautical charts by providing more detailed information and allowing you to zoom in and out as needed. However, it's important to remember to always carry a paper backup chart as well, in case of electronic failure.

Understanding nautical chart symbols

Nautical chart symbols are graphical representations of features and hazards in a marine environment. Here are some common nautical chart symbols and their meanings:

• Depth Soundings: These are shown by a series of numbers along a contour line and indicate the depth of water at that point. 
• Lighthouses and Beacons: These symbols are used to mark locations where navigation is particularly hazardous. They are often depicted as a tower with a light on top.
• Rocks, Shoals, and Obstructions : These symbols indicate potential hazards to navigation, and are often represented by a circle or other shape with a dot in the middle.
• Wrecks: These symbols indicate the location of sunken vessels, and are often shown as an "X" or other distinctive shapes.
• Channels : These symbols indicate the location and depth of navigable channels. They are often shown as lines with depth soundings on either side.
• Anchorage symbols: indicate locations where vessels can safely anchor. They are often shown as an anchor icon.
• Buoyage: These symbols indicate the location and type of navigational buoys, which can be used to mark channels, hazards, and other features. Their colour and shape depict the type of buoy they are and it’s a good idea to look up their lighting sequences as well as this will aid you when navigating at night.

There are of course many more symbols to explore other than those listed above. It is important for mariners to be able to understand and interpret nautical chart symbols in order to navigate safely and efficiently. The International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) has established standard symbols and abbreviations for nautical charts to ensure consistency and clarity in their use.

Navigational symbols and abbreviations

Marine navigational symbols are often abbreviated so they can be concisely used on charts to communicate important information about navigational hazards, aids to navigation, and other features of the waterway. Here are some common examples:

• Lat: Latitude
• Long: Longitude
• CHTS: Charts
• DR: Dead Reckoning
• Hdg: Heading
• Fathoms: Depth measurement
• M: Magnetic
• True: True direction
• ANCH: Anchorage
• ATON: Aids to Navigation
• Brg: Bearing
• CRAN: Crane
• DNG: Danger
• FISH: Fishing
• HW: High water
• LW: Low water
• RACON: Radar Beacon
• SNDG: Sounding
• SP: Signal Post
• WDSP: Windsock

These are just a few examples of the many symbols and abbreviations used in marine navigation. It's important for mariners to have a thorough understanding of these symbols and abbreviations to ensure safe navigation.

Safety symbols

Nautical safety symbols are graphical representations used on marine charts, maps, and publications to convey information about hazards, navigational aids, and other important information related to maritime safety. Some common nautical safety symbols include:

• Anchorage symbol: A circle with an anchor inside indicates the location of a safe anchorage.
• Buoy symbol: indicates the location of a floating device used as a navigational aid or to mark hazards.
• Rocks or shoals symbol: A symbol that looks like a group of rocks or a triangle with a dot in the centre is used to indicate the location of rocks or shoals that pose a hazard to vessels.
• Wreck symbol: A symbol that looks like a sunken ship or a crossed-out anchor indicates the location of a sunken vessel.
• Safe water mark symbol: A symbol that looks like a diamond with horizontal stripes indicates the location of safe water, which is free from obstructions and navigational hazards.
• Restricted water symbol: A symbol that looks like a diamond with vertical stripes indicates the location of restricted water.
• Depth contour symbol: A symbol that looks like a series of concentric circles indicates the depth of the water in a particular area.
• Landmark symbol: A symbol that looks like a small building or tower indicates the location of a prominent landmark that can be used for navigation.
• Compass rose symbol: A symbol that looks like a star with directional arrows that indicates the orientation of the chart and the direction of true north.

These are just a few examples of the many nautical safety symbols used in marine navigation. It's important for mariners to be familiar with these symbols and to use them to safely navigate through coastal waters and inland waterways.

Using nautical charts

Here are some tips for using nautical charts:

• Understand the symbols : Make sure you understand what each chart symbol means before setting out on your journey.
• Use a compass rose : Nautical charts include a compass rose that is used to show the orientation of the cardinal directions. 
• Calculate distances : charts provide distance scales that can help you calculate distances between two points. However, keep in mind that these distances are measured in nautical miles, which are slightly longer than regular miles.
• Take note of tide and current information : charts often provide information about tides and currents, which can be very useful for planning your route and avoiding dangerous conditions.
• Check for updates : ensure your charts are updated regularly to reflect changes in the environment, such as changes in water depth or the location of navigational aids. Be sure to check for updates before setting out on your journey to ensure you have the most current information. Electronic charts, such as savvy navvy charts , often do this automatically.
• Use a Chartplotter : Many modern boats are equipped with chart plotters, which use GPS technology to display your boat's location on a nautical chart in real-time. Most boaters also use navigation apps like savvy navvy to view their live GPS location. This can be very helpful for navigating unfamiliar waters.
• Practice safe navigation techniques : Always use a combination of tools and techniques to navigate safely, including nautical charts , GPS, and visual observations. Never rely solely on one method of navigation.

Nautical chart symbol differences

Nautical charts use various symbols to represent different features and navigational hazards. Here are some examples of symbol differences you may encounter:

• Depths : Depths are represented by different colours and contour lines. In some charts, deeper waters are represented by blue colours, while shallow waters are represented by lighter colours such as green or white. In others, depths are represented by contour lines that show the shape of the sea bottom.
• Rocks and reefs : Rocks and reefs are depicted with different symbols depending on their nature and their location. Some charts may use different colours to indicate their presence, while others use a symbol resembling a dot or a star.
• Lighthouses : Lighthouses are depicted with different symbols depending on their type and function. For example, a lighthouse that emits a continuous light is depicted with a solid triangle, while one that emits a flashing light may be depicted with a triangle with a broken line.
• Buoys : are depicted with different symbols depending on their colour and shape. 
• Wrecks and obstructions : Wrecks and obstructions are depicted with different symbols depending on their location and their nature. Some charts use a symbol resembling a cross to indicate their presence, while others use a symbol resembling a wrecked ship.

It's important to consult the key or legend of a nautical chart to understand the specific symbols used on that chart.

The summary

In conclusion, understanding nautical chart symbols is crucial for safe navigation . By familiarising yourself with these symbols, you can navigate the waters with ease and avoid hazards. Remember, always consult the nautical chart and use caution when navigating in unfamiliar waters. It is also a good idea to use a combination of digital and paper charts to ensure you have more than one information source. 

Other useful websites for more information:

• Marine charts

Are you getting ready to go sailing? Find out how to plot a course to steer on a nautical chart . Read savvy navvy blog for more information! 

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savvy navvy , the boating app that brings all essential marine information together in one place. Featuring global charts, wind and weather forecasts, tidal graphs, GPS Tracking, automatic weather routing, and marina and anchorage information. It’s like Google Maps for boats.

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Understanding the Nautical Flags, Sailing Flags, & the Nautical Alphabet

Just as the marine electronics and lights on a boat help you communicate with your fellow cruisers, nautical flags and sailing flags are a language of sorts, too. They help alert others to maneuvers you’re making, for example, or an emergency. In certain combinations, they warn of bad weather. It all depends upon which flag—or flags—you see.

Here’s how to make sense of the nautical flag alphabet. This way, you understand the situation at hand when you’re next out on the water.

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6 Tips for Identifying Nautical Flags

1. pay attention to the flag’s shape..

Most nautical flags are squares. Additionally, you’ll find some resembling triangles but with flat tips—a.k.a. pendants. These two shapes are the most common.

2. Learn the nautical flag alphabet.

Conveniently, for every letter of the alphabet, there’s an equivalent square nautical flag. Well, more accurately, each flag represents international code words like Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, etc., which correspond to alphabetical letters. The full list and their meanings:

• A – Alpha – diver down; keep clear
• B – Bravo – carrying dangerous cargo
• C – Charlie – affirmative (yes)
• D – Delta – keep clear, I am maneuvering with difficulty
• E – Echo – altering course to starboard
• F – Foxtrot – I am disabled, communicate with me
• G – Golf – I want a pilot
• H – Hotel – a pilot is onboard
• I – India – I am altering my course to port
• J – Juliet – vessel on fire, keep clear
• K – Kilo – I want to communicate with you
• L – Lima – stop your vessel instantly, I have something important to communicate
• M – Mike – my vessel is stopped and making no way through the water
• N – November – negative (no)
• O – Oscar – man overboard
• P – Papa – about to sail (when flown in port; at sea, fishing vessels use it to mean their nets are caught on an obstruction)
• Q – Quebec – I request free pratique (clearance to enter port due to no disease onboard)
• R – Romeo – reverse course
• S – Sierra – engines are going astern
• T – Tango – keep clear, I am engaged in trawling (if a fishing vessel; if a naval ship is flying this flag, it means do not pass ahead)
• U – Uniform – you are heading into danger
• V – Victor – I require assistance
• W – Whiskey – I require medical assistance
• X – X-ray – stop your intention
• Y – Yankee – I am dragging anchor
• Z – Zulu – I require a tug

3. Remember that the numbers on nautical flags have meanings, too.

When it comes to numbers, boaters use pendants. Ten different pendants represent the numbers zero through nine. A combination of flags denotes the numbers 10 and up.

4. Consider the color of the flag.

Nautical flags only use five colors:

Not coincidentally, each of these stands out against the sky, easily seen through binoculars or with the naked eye. You might see a solid-color flag or one with a combination of colors. For example, two red pendants means there’s a small-craft advisory.

5. Tally the total.

Boats can fly up to seven flags in a row to convey certain messages.

• Solo flags are the previously mentioned international code words (Alpha for diver down, for instance).
• Two nautical flags flown together typically indicate distress or a maneuvering problem. A good example: Oscar and Whiskey flown together mean someone fell overboard and needs medical assistance.
• Three-flag signals can mean the points of the compass, among other things. Four-flag signals are ship names, while five are time and position. Six-flag signals indicate latitude and longitude, while seven mean longitude with more than 100 degrees.

6. Keep in mind that special languages exist.

Sometimes, the nautical flag alphabet is unique to certain situations. Regattas assign different meanings to a few flags, so that racers understand what’s happening. NATO and even the U.S. Navy do, too, with only their personnel knowing the meanings.

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A journalist with more than 30 years’ experience, Diane M. Byrne is the owner of MegayachtNews.com, a daily website educating American superyacht owners, buyers, and their circles of influence about the leading builders, designers, cruising destinations, and more. She founded the website in 2007 as the first, and still the only, American-focused online media outlet exclusively covering this market. It features all-original content, for real stories of real interest.

Diane is additionally one of the most-sought-after journalists for expert editorial coverage and commentary about not only superyachts, but also general boating and yachting. Her byline appears in Boatsetter.com, DiscoverBoating.com, and the magazines Luxury Guide, Ocean, Yachting, and Yachts International.

Additionally, Diane is the Chair of the U.S. Superyacht Association, having been on the Board of Directors since 2015. Outside of yachting, she’s a trustee of Sempre Avanti, a non-profit resource supporting Italian and Italian-American individuals, businesses, and organizations in the United States and Italy.

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The basics of chart reading and plotting a course

Navigating using charts is a crucial skill for any sailor, and this comprehensive guide covers everything from essential symbols and abbreviations to tips for accurate and efficient navigation.

The Basics of Chart Reading and Plotting a Course

Welcome to our Sailing Basics section! In this article, we’ll be diving into the essential skill of chart reading and plotting a course. Whether you’re a seasoned sailor or just starting your journey, understanding how to navigate using charts is crucial for a safe and enjoyable sailing experience.

As you embark on your sailing adventure, you’ll quickly realize that the open sea offers a unique sense of freedom and fulfillment. However, it also presents challenges that require knowledge, skill, and preparation. One of the most important aspects of sailing is knowing how to navigate and plot a course using charts.

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll cover the basics of chart reading and plotting a course, including:

• Types of charts
• Essential chart symbols and abbreviations
• Tools for chart reading and plotting
• Tips for accurate and efficient navigation

Types of Charts

There are several types of charts available for sailors, each with its own purpose and level of detail. The most common types of charts you’ll encounter are:

Nautical Charts : These are the primary charts used for navigation. They provide detailed information about coastlines, water depths, navigational aids, and other essential features. Nautical charts are available in both paper and electronic formats.

Piloting Charts : These charts focus on coastal navigation and are designed for use in conjunction with nautical charts. They provide additional information about harbors, anchorages, and other points of interest for sailors.

Sailing Directions : Also known as pilot books or cruising guides, sailing directions provide detailed information about specific regions, including local customs, regulations, and points of interest. They often include charts, diagrams, and photographs to help sailors navigate unfamiliar waters.

Ocean Passage Charts : These charts are designed for long-distance, open-ocean sailing. They provide information about ocean currents, prevailing winds, and other factors that can affect a vessel’s passage.

Essential Chart Symbols and Abbreviations

Nautical charts are filled with symbols and abbreviations that convey important information about the surrounding environment. Familiarizing yourself with these symbols is essential for accurate navigation. Some of the most common symbols and abbreviations you’ll encounter on nautical charts include:

Depth Contours : These lines indicate changes in water depth and are usually marked in meters or fathoms. The closer the lines are together, the steeper the underwater slope.

Soundings : These numbers indicate the depth of water at specific points, usually measured in meters or fathoms.

Compass Rose : This circular diagram shows the orientation of the chart in relation to true north and magnetic north. It’s essential for plotting courses and determining bearings.

Latitude and Longitude : These lines form a grid on the chart, allowing you to pinpoint your exact location.

Navigational Aids : Symbols representing buoys, beacons, lighthouses, and other aids to navigation are marked on the chart. These aids help sailors navigate safely and avoid hazards.

Obstructions : Rocks, wrecks, and other underwater hazards are marked on the chart with specific symbols. It’s crucial to be aware of these obstructions when planning your course.

Tidal Information : Tidal data, including the direction and strength of currents, is often included on nautical charts. This information is essential for navigating in areas with strong tidal influences.

Tools for Chart Reading and Plotting

To effectively read and plot a course on a nautical chart, you’ll need a few essential tools. These include:

Parallel Rulers : These rulers are used to transfer lines and angles from the compass rose to your course line. They ensure that your course is plotted accurately in relation to true or magnetic north.

Dividers : Dividers are used to measure distances on the chart. By adjusting the distance between the divider’s points and comparing it to the chart’s scale, you can determine the distance between two points on the chart.

Protractor : A protractor is used to measure angles on the chart, such as the angle between your course line and a navigational aid.

Pencils and Erasers : When plotting a course, it’s essential to use pencils and erasers so that you can make adjustments as needed. Avoid using pens or markers, as they can permanently damage the chart.

Handheld GPS : While not a traditional chart-plotting tool, a handheld GPS can be an invaluable aid for verifying your position and ensuring that your course is accurate.

Tips for Accurate and Efficient Navigation

Now that you’re familiar with the basics of chart reading and plotting a course, here are some tips to help you navigate safely and efficiently:

Always use the most up-to-date charts : Nautical charts are regularly updated to reflect changes in the environment, such as new navigational aids or shifting sandbars. Using outdated charts can lead to navigation errors and potential hazards.

Double-check your work : When plotting a course, it’s essential to double-check your measurements and calculations to ensure accuracy. A small error in your course line can lead to significant deviations over long distances.

Practice makes perfect : Like any skill, chart reading and plotting a course require practice. The more you work with charts, the more comfortable and proficient you’ll become.

Use multiple sources of information : In addition to nautical charts, consult sailing directions, cruising guides, and other resources to gather as much information as possible about the area you’re navigating.

Monitor your progress : Regularly check your position and compare it to your plotted course to ensure that you’re on track. This will help you identify any deviations or errors early on, allowing you to make adjustments as needed.

By mastering the basics of chart reading and plotting a course, you’ll be well-equipped to navigate the open sea and enjoy the freedom and fulfillment that come with sailing. Remember, practice makes perfect, and the more time you spend working with charts, the more confident and skilled you’ll become. Fair winds and following seas!

Ultimate Guide to Nautical Chart Navigation (Plotting, Reading)

Whether you're on your dream vacation, heading out for a short weekend, or dreaming over the winter, you'll be looking at charts. Large-scale charts, small scale charts, harbor charts - what are all those symbols and how do you use them to find your way in the world?

How to read a chart, plot a course and navigate?

• In order to read a chart, you interpret longitude and latitude lines to determine your coordinates, which is your position.
• You have to understand and interpret different symbols like depth, scale, and navigation marks.
• Using these symbols, you find a safe course and plot it on the chart.
• Find the direction of this course using a compass.
• Maintain direction using the compass readings.

If you're new to navigation this can overwhelm, especially if you're looking at a crowded electronic vector chart. This guide gives you all the basics on how to read a chart and use it to plot a safe course from where you are to where you want to go.

On this page:

Navigation basics, reading a chart, using a chart - plotting a course, dead reckoning - pulling it all together, master chart navigation with one course.

A nautical chart is like a road map. It shows you the expected lay of the land and gives references for finding your way to somewhere when don't know the path.

On land you've got roads, which limit where you can drive and how much trouble you can get into. If you're on Interstate 95 and you know the next exit number, you're good for figuring out where you are and how to get where you're going. No one will put a big rock in the middle of the highway that you won't see until you hit it.

But one patch of water looks a lot like another. When you can see land it's easier to figure where you are. If you get fog or it's night time or you're far out to sea, you have nothing to make one patch of blue look any different from another. And even if you can see landmarks, they won't help you if you can't identify them. And the water may cover hazards like rocks and shoals that you need to avoid. Eyeballing a lighthouse on land won't help you miss a shoal unless you know where the shoal is relative to your boat.

A nautical chart shows things under water and describes the landmarks and references you can see. Navigation is traveling a planned course from start to finish, using the chart to avoid obstacles and hazards. To understand how to do this, you need to understand how we refer to places in the world.

Geographic Coordinates

Centuries ago cartographers devised Geographic Coordinate system to locate any place on the world. Lines of latitude range from 0° at the equator to 90° at the poles and run parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude run from the north to the south start at 0° in Greenwich, England and run to 180° West and East.

We express Geographic Coordinates as Degrees/Minutes/Seconds (e.g. 35°43"25'), or with a decimal instead of Seconds (e.g. 35°43.424). There will also be a letter at the end to designate the hemisphere. They are always in pairs, with latitude followed by longitude.

An example of a complete coordinate is:

41° 39' 48" N 071° 26' 44" W

This will be a little over 41° North of the equator, and a little more than 071° West of Greenwich, England. If a longitude is only two digits (like the example), add a zero to the front of it to avoid confusion.

With a road map, I can give you directions to that place by saying "From Post Road, take a left on King Street, then another left on Water street." But coming by water those directions are useless. Coordinates tell you where something is, then you can find it with your charts.

How to recognize latitude lines

Latitude lines will be North or South of the equator and are always parallel to each other. One minute of latitude is equal to one Nautical Mile . So every degree of latitude is always 60 nautical miles from the next. If you have two latitude positions, you can estimate how far apart they are in a north/south direction.

We'll find this very convenient later on when we're measuring distances and plotting courses.

How to recognize longitude lines

We designate lines of longitude West or East, relative to Greenwich England. For example 071° West is a line running roughly through Cape Cod on the U.S. East Coast. But 071° East is near Kabul, Afghanistan.

Because they run from the North Pole to the South Pole, lines of longitude are not always the same distance apart. Picture slicing an orange into sections - two straight cuts from the "poles" on a curved orange result in a section of peel pointy on each end and fat in the middle. You can not use longitude lines to measure distance .

Using Degrees and Math

Degrees, minutes and seconds may seem counterintuitive when you work with geographic coordinates. But it's all based on circular geometry, or "clock math." Just like an hour has sixty minutes and a minute has sixty seconds, a degree also has sixty minutes and a minute has sixty seconds. Electronic navigation tools often use decimals instead of second, but the concept is the same. Thirty seconds is half a minute (.500), forty-five seconds is .750, etc.

The only mistake you have to watch for is adding minutes and seconds. While 50 seconds plus 20 seconds equals seventy seconds, with "clock math" that's one minute and ten seconds, or 1"10' or 1.167".

Outside of latitude and longitude lines, another other key component of navigation are the earth's poles. The True North pole as a geographic location is at latitude 90° North at the very top of the planet on the axis of rotation of the earth where the longitude lines converge.

But the North pole we use for navigation with compasses, known as Magnetic North , is about 500 Km away from true north, and it drifts. When you're thousands of miles from the north pole, a compass will point to the magnetic pole, not the true north pole. This may be a difference of 15 degrees or more, and the amount of variation is different depending on where you are in the world.

This data is well tabulated and predicted, and we can make adjustments so what you plot on paper matches what you see on your compass.

This article teaches reading paper charts, since paper charts are the basis of navigation for chart plotters and electronic charts. There are variations in how electronic charts may display information, especially vector charts , but once you know paper charts e-charts are easy. We’ll take you through each part of the chart, explaining the key information needed for basic navigation. Raster charts on your plotter look just like paper charts.

How to read latitude and longitude lines

At the top and bottom of the chart, you'll see a scale of numbers for longitude. On the left and right edges of the chart, you'll find the latitude scale. At certain points on the chart, reference lines will run from north to south and east to west at fixed intervals. The corners will show you the degrees and minutes where the scale starts, though points on the scales may be marked with minutes or even seconds.

Near the edges of the chart you will often find a distance measuring scale to measure a mile, half a mile, a kilometer, and so on. As we learned already, we don’t need that since we have lines of latitude running down the sides of the chart. Every minute of latitude is one nautical mile, so every chart has a built in scale even if they don't add a separate one.

Scales, Depths, and Notes

Somewhere on the chart will be a bit of text describing in some detail what the chart is. Not all of this applies to plotting a basic route, but it's good to know things like how old the chart is.

Some critical pieces of information include:

• Scale. The chart scale will be a ratio, for example “1:25,000" or “1:500,000". With this ratio, one unit as measured on the chart equals 25,000 of the same units in the actual world. If you measure a centimeter on the chart, it's 25,000 centimeters (or 250 meters) in the real world. One inch on the chart is 25,000 inches in the world, or 2,083 feet.
• Depth soundings. Numbers will be sprinkled over all areas covered in water to show depths. Somewhere you will find the notation "Depths in UNIT" where UNIT is feet, meters, or fathoms. This is significant, make sure you understand what the soundings mean or you may end up aground. Soundings are taken for low tides, there may be water on a spot at high tide.
• Navigational Marks. Any notes on the mark system used and it will probably note the buoyage system.
• Tides and Currents. In areas with noteworthy currents and tidal swings, they may provide critical details.
• Special Marks, Notes or Considerations. Denoted with black, red or purple text, special notes may pertain to anything from fish trap locations, anchorages, military restrictions zones, or anything else which may affect navigation through the covered areas.

Compass Rose

Every chart will have a compass rose. Some may have more than one. The compass rose should have two circles, the outer denoting true north, and the inner showing magnetic north. There will also be variation data to calculate magnetic north from true, and information about the annual expected change in the position of the magnetic north pole.

We will use the compass rose later when we plot lines and courses and measure angles to determine numeric directions.

Depths and Contours

A good chart will have many depth soundings - small numbers on the bottom of the water parts of the chart. But not too many, for readability. It will also have contour lines. These lines connect soundings of the same depth to show you the relative shape of the bottom. Contour lines at ten-foot intervals, for example, will show you how the bottom shallows out or drops off. The closer the lines, the steeper the drop.

Many charts with land on them also show contour lines on land, showing hills and land structures. These are useful to determine where you are from the hills and valleys you expect to see.

Chart colorations are the reverse of what a novice might expect - shallows are blue, shading to lighter colors, then white for the deepest places on the chart. The darker the blue, the shallower the water .

Symbols, Marks and Lights

The most useful information on the chart is the various marks and symbols. Every sailor should have a copy of U.S. Chart Number 1 , the master list of all symbols, signs and objects you will see on any U.S. government chart. Some details may vary on charts from other countries, but most of the symbols and abbreviations are used on almost all English language charts. It's a great reference to learn chart reading and is available as a free download. You can also order a paper copy for your nav station.

Download the US Chart Number 1 here (pdf )

Aids to Navigation

Permanent government or private marks will be on a chart with a detailed abbreviation describing their markings and how to identify them. Most aids are showing the way around a hazard, or the way to the best navigation channels. Small scale charts without much detail may not show all marks in an area. It’s important to have detailed charts for harbor approaches and coast lines.

Aids to navigation include buoys, day marks, lights, beacons and a few less common marks. The symbols and lettering at each mark describe how you can identify them with color, shape, lighting, and light patterns.

In this example, you can find government two marks and a lighthouse.

• G "1" Fl G 2.5s means green mark,. numbered "1", with a flashing green light every 2.5 seconds.
• R "8" Fl R 4s BELL is a red mark with the number "8" and a red light that flashes every 4 seconds and a bell.
• WARWICK Oc G 4s 66Ft 12M is Warwick Light, with an occulting (mostly on) green light with a 4s cycle. It is 66ft tall and visible for 12 nautical miles.

Most of the descriptions aren't hard to puzzle out once you get the pattern down, but now and then you have to go have a look at Chart Number 1 .

A chart will also show a variety of permanent hazards and dangers. The example above shows "Round Rk" as a rock awash at low tide. You can also see "Spring Rk," "Old Pier Rk," and "Barden Rk" which do not show as being awash but are shallow enough to be notable. They should show anything which may pose a hazard. Changes since they printed the chart will not be on there. Most chart authorities produce a periodic Notice to Mariners reporting any changes.

When land shows on a chart, it may show standpipes, towers, flagpoles and other permanent structures if they may be helpful to navigation. You can sight these with a compass to get your position and use them to get your bearings. In the sample below, you can find a monument, a tower, and a chimney as visible landmarks from the water.

The Gloucester Fisherman's Memorial shown on the chart sample.

Putting it Together

You've got the latitudes and longitudes, depths, landmarks, and aids to navigation. You should be able to read the chart samples to see how you might find your exact location even without a GPS. It the sample chart above from Gloucester, MA, if you sail right to that G "9" marker near Babson Ledge, you will know exactly where you are.

Practice if you can, sitting on your boat or on shore with a chart and trying to pick out the landmarks and aids. Also try it at night.

Plotting a course from one place to another isn't complex, it's a matter of breaking the trip down to segments, or legs , each with a known course and distance and safe to navigate. When you string a series of legs between waypoints around known hazards and land masses to reach your destination, you've plotted a course.

To do this exercise, you will need a paper chart, a sharp pencil (not a pen), a parallel ruler , a set of dividers (sometimes called a "compass"), a starting point and a destination.

Learn to Plot Your First Course If you have never plotted a course before, we recommend first reading our full guide on how to plot your first course . It will walk you through the entire process step-by-step.

Laying in the Course

To plot a course, first look over the chart to see what is between your start and your destination. You can even trace a rough course with your finger, noting hazards like islands, shallows and rocks you want to avoid.

Make a mark at the start of your course, a buoy outside your marina is a common starting point. From there, pick a point in the general direction of your destination with no hazards between the start and the first mark. Placing a mark near a government aid is convenient, but do not put your mark ON the aid to navigation. For one, you don't want to hit the mark, so don't aim right at it. Second, everyone else is plotting to that mark too, and you don't want to pile up on the water if visibility gets poor.

Place your mark a little away from the government mark on the safe navigation side. With the straight edge of your parallel rule, draw a line from the starting mark to the first mark. Check the line to make sure it doesn't run over any hazards or depths shallower than your draft. If you find problems, erase the line and pick another point and repeat.

Once you have a safe first leg, find another mark on the way to your destination from the first leg. Draw another line to the new mark and check for hazards. Repeat this process for each leg until your last leg ends at your destination. Your course shouldn't run through any shallows or hazards.

When the line is complete, it still needs to be measured and marked before you know what courses you have to steer to get where you're going.

Measuring Lines and Marking Your Course

We use parallel rules to create lines with a known compass heading, or to measure the compass heading of line you drew on your chart. The compass rose is the gauge to measure and draw your lines. We will use the parallel rules and the compass rose to measure the course to steer on each leg, and the dividers to measure the length.

The Course to Steer

Take the outer edge of your parallel rule and place it along the first leg of your course. Now, pressing gently on the rule on the course to hold it in place, move the other ruler away from the line towards the compass rose. With luck, you'll reach it in the first move. Most of the time you will have to "walk" the ruler across the chart to the compass rose. The goal is to maintain the same angle on the rulers as the line you're measuring, so take it slow and smooth and don't make jerky motions. If you wiggle the rulers, start over.

Maintaining pressure on the first ruler, open the rulers toward the compass rose. When you can't move it any more, put pressure on the leg you just moved, move the other leg up until it's touching the leg you're holding down. Then put pressure on the first leg again and open the rulers towards the rose. Repeat and walk the rulers until you reach the center point of the compass rose with the outside edge.

Once the edge of the ruler is through the center of the rose, read the headings from the points on the outside of the rode. The outer circle will show numbers for the true bearing, the inner circle is for magnetic. Note the bearing on a scrap of paper.

In the center of the compass rose, you will see a measure for variance on the north line of the compass. This is the difference between true and magnetic north on the current chart. Next to that will be a year, with a number and direction. For example, it may read 18°35'E 1994 2'E . This tells you your compass will read almost 20 degrees from true, and it the variance changes two seconds every year.

In most cases you can ignore that, unless your chart is very old or the annual change is large. In 2020, the chart above has 26 x 2' = 52' of additional variance, or almost a degree change in heading. If (years ago x annual change) is less than a minute you can usually ignore it for short legs. A degree change in course on a five or ten mile leg won’t take you out of sight of your next mark. If it's significant, for East variance, you ADD the annual change to the magnetic course you recorded, otherwise subtract it.

When you have the final magnetic course measurement, write it over the course leg with a "C" for course, the course, and "M" for magnetic. If your course is less than 100° put a leading zero on it to avoid ambiguity. For example, record a 92° magnetic course as C 092M , or 273° we write as C 273M .

Leg Distance

There are several was to use dividers to measure your leg lengths, you'll figure out which works best for you and some techniques work better in some situations than others.

The easiest is, if your leg is short enough, to spread the dividers between the two points on the leg. Then move them to the latitude scale on the side of the chart and see how many minutes of latitude they spread out. That is the leg length in miles. You may have to interpolate or make a rough guess at partial seconds on large-scale charts.

Another method is to open the dividers a fixed, measured distance such as a mile. The choice depends on the length of your leg. Put one divider leg on the starting point of the leg, and the second leg on the course line. Now rotate the dividers around the second leg and put the first leg on the mark. Walk the dividers down the course line while counting how many lengths you measure, then you have the miles in the leg.

Except for the last rotation, that will be a fractional distance and the divider leg will go past the mark. Push the dividers together until the leg is on the mark, then measure on the latitude scale how long the fractional amount is.

Record the leg distance under the course like with “D” plus the length of the leg and the units you measured. A 7.8 mile leg we write as D 7.8 NM . If you use a different unit, note it. But most sailors do navigation with nautical miles.

You will want to complete these steps for each leg of the trip. I also like to record the course details and the Lat/Long of each waypoint on a separate sheet for easy reference during navigation.

Measuring and Plotting Points

To measure a point and get the geographic coordinates, find a government mark on your chart, like the "R8" in the first example chart. You can see two reference lines on that chart, one for one for longitude and one for latitude. Find the reference lines on your chart and follow them to the edge; and you will see the actual latitude or longitude.

With the divider, put one leg on the mark you picked to measure. Expand the dividers to put the other leg on the nearest latitude reference line, measuring shortest difference between the two. If you drew a line from the mark to the line, it would be perpendicular to the line so visualize that as you measure. If you rotate the dividers on the leg on the mark, the measurement will be right when it only touches the reference line in one place.

Now move your dividers to the latitude scale on the chart and put the reference line leg on the same line on the scale. Be careful not to change the divider measurement; most will be tight enough to stay fixed. The other divider leg will sit on the actual latitude reading for the mark. The scale will vary with the detail of the chart, but you should be able to record a full latitude reference from that point. If it only shows minutes or seconds, look at the top or bottom of the scale for the degrees and minutes. Write it all down.

Repeat the process with the longitude reference line. When you finish, you will have the Lat/Long coordinates of the point you measured. You don't have to do this for a manually plotted course, but it's not a bad idea on principle. And you will need to do it if you plan to enter the manual course into a GPS or chart plotter.

Want Another Course Plotting Example? If you have never plotted a course before, we recommend first reading our full guide on how to plot your first course . It will walk you through the entire process step-by-step.

Now that you can read a chart and plot a course, it's time to put this knowledge to work. Before chart plotters and the GPS, sailors navigated by dead reckoning . When old-time sailors used a sextant to get a position, they could only use it to calculate their latitude. We cannot derive longitude with celestial navigation, and few sailors knew the math to make it work, anyway.

Dead reckoning is nothing more than estimating your position on a chart using your known speed and course. There is a specific notation to record this, and techniques to refine the accuracy when you can fix a position. You need a speed log and a compass, with that you can estimate your position from a known starting point.

Note - many consider Dead Reckoning an obsolete skill in the age of the GPS. While there is some truth to this, it is an important skill to have in case you find yourself without a GPS or chart plotter. It's an excellent backup, and like plotting a course on a paper chart, it keeps you in tune with and alert about the waters you're sailing through. Electronics fail; when we're offshore we record our position hourly on paper, just in case we need to start a DR plot due to instrument failure.

Making the Basic DR Plot

Somewhere in your plotted course, you will pass known government marks or a reference that will give you an exact position fix. You can cheat and use a GPS if you must, but don't refer to it after that in this exercise.

The general process is:

• Every hour on the hour, note your speed through the water and magnetic course on a piece of paper.
• On your paper chart, find the last dead reckoning point (or known fix).
• With your parallel rules, move a line with to your magnetic course to the last known mark. This is the reverse of measuring the line. Put your parallel rules on the course through the center of the compass rose, then walk that line to your last DR mark.
• Draw a line on your course the same length as your average speed in knots from the last mark.
• Put a dot on the mark, and a half circle around the top half to show it's a DR position.
• Record the time under the DR mark and note speed and distance on the line between the points.

There are a few more specifics, but that general process will give you an estimate of roughly where you are.

If you make a course change, add a DR plot at the change. If you don't change course on the hour, you will have to do a little math. Draw the course line to the course change in the same way, but the length of the line will have to be a fraction of your boat speed. This is the number of minutes since your last DR position divided by 60 minutes. Multiply this fraction by your speed to get how many miles long the DR line needs to be at the course change.

Dead Reckoning Errors and Inaccuracy

At its best, DR plotting is a good estimation of your position. You want the best estimate you can, and there are factors which will push your DR plot away from your actual position. Do not treat dead reckoning positions as an actual fix, DR is a tool to get you to a place where you can get a better fix from an aid to navigation or a landmark for accurate navigation.

Some factors which can reduce the accuracy include:

• Current. Tidal currents may be invisible to you, but a one knot current sweeping you sideways or pushing you backwards will make your DR estimate off by a mile after an hour. If you know the currents for an area, you can correct for this by adding a vector for the current to your DR course and speed line and plotting that as the DR position. Note the correction on the plot.
• Leeway and drift. Similar to current, but leeway is sideslip in your boat. All sailboats sideslip a little, it's the nature of the forces that make a boat sail against the wind. The heading on your compass will not fully match your forward progress as your boat slips a little away from the wind.
• Variable Speeds. The best you can do for your estimates is the average speed of your boat over an hour. If the wind is variable this may be difficult to figure. Do your best, but if you have a big lull for half an hour, think before using the full boat speed if the wind picks up before you record your DR.
• Compass Deviation. Metal objects on a boat can affect a compass heading. The effects vary with the direction the boat is heading. Imagine a compass with a magnet a foot away. The compass will point mostly north, but a little towards the magnet. Now move the magnet in a circle around the compass; the readings will change slightly but still stay mostly north. On your boat, the magnetic interferences will change as the boat sails in different directions. A profession can “swing” a compas and give you a deviation card for your boat. You use this to build the known deviation into your courses to eliminate this inaccuracy. Most electronic compasses calculate deviation during calibation, consult your manuals and calibrate if you aren’t sure if your compass is calibrated.

Correcting the DR Position

The longer you sail on dead reckoning, the more inaccurate your estimated position will be. If you're sailing near shore, you can correct this by fixing your position, or getting a known position to correct your DR plot and start plotting from the new accurate position.

A simple way to fix your position is to sail near a mark on your chart. For coastal navigation, you've likely plotted your course relative to government marks because they are convenient. This is to give you a periodic fix as you pass waypoints on your course. When you come close to the mark, record your position with the time, and circle the position dot to show it's a "fix" and a good known position.

Another fix technique needs at least two visible landmarks or aids to navigation you can identify, and a hand bearing compass. To start, take a bearing on the first point and record it. As quickly as you can, record a bearing to the second mark. If you have time, repeat the bearings. You want to hurry because the boat is moving and the more time between bearings, the greater the error.

Find each mark you took bearings for on your paper chart, then take your parallel rules and draw a line from each mark on the sighted heading. The marks should intersect, and the intersection is your rough position. If you took multiple bearings, you can draw more lines to get a sense of the uncertainty introduced by your boat speed. Circle the intersection and note the time, then use this as the basis for your next DR plot. This is less accurate than finding a mark, but will let you correct your DR plot for accuracy. There are several other techniques such as the running fix and more complex uses of a compass, landmarks, and math that are outside the scope of this guide.

Dead Reckoning and the GPS

GPS navigation makes all this DR plotting seem like a lot of unnecessary work. That doesn't mean it's not worth learning and doing. On coastal cruises it keeps us tuned in to the sailing, though we also record GPS fixes on shorter legs and at course changes.

It is important that sailors understand not only how to push the right buttons on the chart plotter, but how navigation works. Not that we're expecting a calamity that will take down your electronics or make the GPS system unreliable, but it can and has happened.

Electronic navigation makes all of this very simple, but it's good to know how to find your way without it.

When you're ready to master chart navigation, I recommend you check out the Coastal Navigation course at our partner NauticEd. It is quite excellent. They cover chart navigation in-depth and will guide you through multiple quality exercises to make sure you really practice your new skills. It is really affordable as well.

You'll leave Coastal Navigation Clinic with an understanding of:

• The Charts and how to use navigation tools
• True north and magnetic north - and variation and deviation
• Determining your position using various techniques such as dead reckoning, running fixes and triangulation
• What to do with your GPS position to get you to your destination
• Set and drift from wind, tides and current
• How to simply determine your heading based on Set and Drift

Check out NauticEd's Navigation Clinic now .

Hi Anybody can help and tell me how to find a one to one tutor to teach navagstion plotting?

Hi Alan, you can find a great course on navigation at NauticEd. I’ll email you the link.

Thanks for this article! I found it helpful and easy to understand. In the section “Dead Reckoning - Pulling it all Together” you wrote, “we cannot derive longitude with celestial navigation”. A method using lunar distances to find longitude first started being used in 1763: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_distance_(navigation )

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• Nautical Maps and Marine Navigation: A Comprehensive Guide

Navigating the open waters has been an essential skill for humanity since the dawn of seafaring. Whether you're a seasoned sailor or a newbie setting sail for the first time, understanding nautical maps, marine charts, and naval symbols is crucial for a safe and enjoyable voyage. In this extensive guide, we'll delve deep into the world of nautical navigation, marine charts, and the symbolism behind naval symbols. So, hoist the anchor and let's embark on this nautical journey!

Introduction to Nautical Maps

Navigating the seas has always been a challenging yet exhilarating endeavor. To successfully traverse these vast water bodies, mariners rely on nautical maps, also known as marine charts. These maps provide a visual representation of the world's waterways, helping sailors chart their course.

The Significance of Nautical Navigation

Understanding how to read and interpret nautical charts is paramount for sailors, as it ensures a safe and efficient voyage. These charts provide valuable information about water depths, coastlines, tides, and potential hazards.

Understanding Marine Charts

Marine charts are detailed maps of water bodies, complete with depth soundings, landmarks, and navigational aids. They are indispensable tools for any sailor or boater.

Decoding Naval Symbols

Naval symbols are a language of their own, representing everything from submerged rocks to lighthouses. Learning these symbols is like mastering the alphabet of the sea.

Types of Marine Charts

There are various types of marine charts available, each serving specific purposes. From electronic charts to paper charts, mariners have a range of options at their disposal.

The Art of Sea Charting

Creating sea charts is both an art and a science. Cartographers meticulously gather data from various sources to produce accurate and reliable charts.

Sailing Maps vs. Boat Charts

Sailing maps and boat charts may seem similar, but they cater to different types of watercraft. Understanding which one suits your needs is essential for a successful voyage.

Essential Tools for Nautical Navigation

Aside from charts, there are other essential tools like compasses, GPS systems, and sextants that aid in precise navigation.

Navigating with Ocean Symbols

Ocean symbols, often found on charts, convey valuable information about underwater terrain, currents, and more. Mastering these symbols is key to safe navigation.

Boating Navigation Maps: A Lifesaver

Boating navigation maps are essential for recreational boaters. They provide valuable insights into marinas, anchorages, and points of interest.

Charting Your Course with Nav Charts

Nav charts, short for navigation charts, are your best friend when plotting a course. These charts help you steer clear of dangers and navigate with confidence.

Exploring Nautical Symbols

Nautical symbols go beyond the practical—they often hold historical and cultural significance. Learning their stories adds depth to your maritime knowledge.

Read   our  top  notch   articles  on  topics  such as  sailing ,  sailing   tips  and  destinations  in  our   Magazine .  

The Wonders of World Nautical Charts

World nautical charts are vast, intricate maps that cover entire ocean basins. They are indispensable for long-distance voyages and exploration.

Unveiling the Seabed Definition

Understanding seabed definitions on charts is crucial for avoiding underwater hazards. Dive into the details of this essential aspect of marine navigation.

Symbolism in Anchor Charts

Anchor charts are more than just a way to drop the hook. They symbolize stability, security, and the promise of safe harbor. Delve into the symbolism behind these icons of the sea.

Celestial Navigation: Navigating by the Stars

In ancient times, sailors relied on celestial navigation to determine their position at sea. Learn about the art of using stars, planets, and celestial bodies as navigational guides.

Electronic Navigation: The Modern Approach

Modern navigation has embraced technology. Explore how electronic charts and GPS systems have revolutionized the way sailors navigate, making it more precise and efficient.

Navigational Challenges and How to Overcome Them

From unpredictable weather to treacherous waters, navigating the seas presents numerous challenges. Discover strategies and techniques to overcome these obstacles safely.

Safety First: Navigating Storms and Rough Waters

One of the greatest challenges at sea is encountering storms and rough waters. Learn how to prepare for and navigate through adverse conditions to ensure your safety.

The Role of Maritime GPS in Navigation

Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has become indispensable for maritime navigation. Understand how GPS works and its crucial role in modern navigation.

Environmental Awareness in Nautical Navigation

With growing environmental concerns, sailors must navigate responsibly. Explore the importance of marine conservation and sustainable practices in navigation.

The Intricacies of International Waters

Navigating international waters comes with its own set of rules and regulations. Gain insights into the complexities of maritime law and international agreements governing these areas.

Nautical Charts in Historical Exploration

Nautical charts have played a pivotal role in historical exploration. Discover how these maps influenced the great explorers of the past and shaped our understanding of the world.

Nautical Navigation in the Digital Age

The digital age has brought advancements in navigation technology. Learn about cutting-edge tools and software that simplify navigation for today's mariners.

Navigating for Recreation: Sailing and Boating

For many, sailing and boating are recreational pursuits. Explore how nautical navigation adds depth to these hobbies, enhancing the joy of being out on the water.

Navigating Commercially: Shipping and Trade

Beyond recreation, nautical navigation is crucial for global commerce. Dive into the world of commercial shipping and how it relies on precise navigation for trade.

The Future of Nautical Navigation

As technology continues to evolve, the future of nautical navigation holds exciting possibilities. Discover emerging trends and innovations that will shape the maritime industry.

In conclusion, understanding nautical maps, marine charts, and the symbolism behind naval symbols is essential for any sailor or boater. It not only ensures safety but also enhances the overall experience of exploring the open waters. From ancient celestial navigation to modern electronic systems, the world of maritime navigation is a fascinating journey in itself.

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TOP 8 Nautical Symbols and their meaning

The Fascinating History of Nautical Symbols and Their Meanings

Nautical symbols have been used for centuries to represent the sea and sailing. From anchors to ships wheels to lighthouses, these iconic emblems have a rich history and meaning. In this post, we'll delve into the history and significance of some of the most popular nautical symbols.

Anchors are perhaps the most iconic of all nautical symbols. These heavy devices are used to hold ships in place and prevent them from drifting away. In the past, anchors were made of heavy materials like iron or stone and were incredibly difficult to hoist up and down. Today, anchors are typically made of lighter materials like steel, making them easier to use. The anchor has long been a symbol of stability and security, and it has been used in various contexts throughout history. In ancient Rome, anchors were used as a symbol of hope and were often displayed in the homes of the wealthy. In Christian symbolism, the anchor represents faith and hope, and it is often used in conjunction with the cross.

2. Ships wheels

A ship's wheel is another classic nautical symbol. The wheel is used to steer the ship and change its direction. In the past, ship's wheels were much larger and more cumbersome than they are today, and they required a lot of strength to operate. Today's ship's wheels are much smaller and more ergonomic, making them easier to use. The ship's wheel has become a symbol of navigation and direction, and it is often used as a decorative element in nautical-themed spaces. Whether you opt for a small decorative version or a larger, functional one, a ship's wheel is a great way to add some maritime flair to your home.

3. Lighthouses

Lighthouses are tall structures that are built along coasts and harbors to guide ships safely to shore. These structures have a long and fascinating history, dating back to ancient times when bonfires were used to guide ships. Today's lighthouses use a variety of technologies, including lights and foghorns, to help ships navigate safely through treacherous waters. In addition to their practical uses, lighthouses have become symbols of hope and guidance. The light of a lighthouse can be seen for miles, and it serves as a beacon for ships in need of direction. Lighthouses are often used as decorative elements in nautical-themed spaces, and they make for charming decor items.

4. Compasses

A compass is a navigational instrument that is used to determine direction. Compasses have been used for centuries by sailors to help them navigate the seas and find their way back home. The compass is a simple yet essential tool that has saved countless lives at sea. In nautical symbolism, the compass represents direction and guidance. It is often used in conjunction with other nautical symbols like anchors and ship's wheels to represent the sea and sailing.

5. Sea creatures

Sea creatures like dolphins, whales, and seagulls are often used as nautical symbols. These creatures have a strong connection to the sea and are often associated with the ocean. In nautical symbolism, sea creatures can represent a variety of things. Dolphins are often seen as symbols of intelligence and playfulness, while whales are associated with strength and power. Seagulls, on the other hand, are symbols of freedom and the sea.

6. Nautical Flags

Nautical flags, also known as maritime flags or signal flags, are used to communicate with other ships at sea. These flags are used to convey messages and information, and each flag represents a specific letter or number.

In nautical symbolism, flags are often used to represent communication and cooperation. They are also used as decorative elements in nautical-themed spaces, adding a touch of maritime flair to any room.

7. Nautical stripes

Nautical stripes are another classic nautical symbol. These bold, vertical stripes are often associated with the sea and sailing, and they are a popular design element in nautical-themed spaces. In nautical symbolism, stripes represent a sense of adventure and the sea. They are often used in conjunction with other nautical symbols like anchors and ship's wheels to create a cohesive, beachy look.

8. Pirate symbols

Pirate symbols, like the skull and crossbones, are also often associated with the sea and sailing. These symbols are often used to represent danger and adventure, and they are a popular design element in pirate-themed spaces. In nautical symbolism, pirate symbols represent a sense of danger and the unknown. They are often used in conjunction with other nautical symbols like anchors and ship's wheels to create a bold, pirate-inspired look.

Nautical Symbols Conclusion

Nautical symbols like anchors, ship's wheels, and lighthouses have a rich history and meaning.

From serving as practical tools to guiding ships safely to shore to representing hope and stability, these iconic emblems are an integral part of the maritime world.

Whether you're a sailor at heart or just love the beachy vibe, nautical symbols are a great way to bring a touch of the sea into your home.

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How to read nautical charts

by Simon Jollands | Crewing skills , Navigation , Preparation

Most sailors today rely on GPS to find their way at sea. While GPS has helped to make finding your way at sea far easier than in the past, sailors still need to study charts before they embark on a passage and to use them en route to check and record their progress.

Failure to study and understand charts covering their proposed course could potentially put a sailor’s vessel in danger. For example, while a GPS might automatically pinpoint a sailor’s position it will not alert them to potential hazards along a route, such as shallow water or hazards beneath the surface, such as rocks.

Nautical charts are therefore a crucial tool for any sailor to navigate safely and effectively. Here is a reminder of some of the basic steps involved in reading a nautical chart:

• Understand the symbols: Nautical charts are full of symbols that represent different features and hazards on the water and below its surface. Before you start using a chart, you should familiarise yourself with these symbols and what they mean. Most charts will have a key that explains the symbols used but there are also books and apps available that explain all the symbols and abbreviations used.
• Determine the scale: The scale of a nautical chart refers to the ratio between the size of the chart and the size of the actual area it covers. For example, a chart with a scale of 1:50,000 means that one unit of distance on the chart represents 50,000 units of distance in the real world. Knowing the scale is important for calculating distances and planning your route.
• Locate your position: Once you understand the symbols and scale, you can start to locate your position on the chart. Take bearings of visual landmarks and navigational aids such as buoys, lights and shapes to help determine where you are on the chart.
• Plan your route: Nautical charts show depths, shoals, rocks and other hazards, so use this information to plan a safe route. Look for deep channels and avoid shallow areas. Be aware of navigational hazards such as rocks, reefs, and wrecks.
• Check tides and currents: Nautical charts often include information about tides and currents, which can have a significant impact on your route and speed. Make sure to factor in these variables when planning your journey.

Overall, reading a nautical chart takes practice and familiarity with the symbols and conventions used. It’s important to approach chart reading with care and attention to detail to ensure a safe and successful voyage.

Variation is an important factor to consider when using a nautical chart for navigation. Variation is the difference between true north (which is the direction of the North Pole) and magnetic north (which is the direction of the earth’s magnetic field).

Magnetic north is not fixed and can change over time due to shifts in the earth’s magnetic field. This means that the magnetic north pole is constantly moving and can be different from true north at any given time and location.

When you’re using a compass for navigation, it’s important to account for this difference between true north and magnetic north. This is where variation comes in – variation is the angle between true north and magnetic north at a particular location.

On a nautical chart, variation is indicated by lines of isogonic variation, which show the difference between true north and magnetic north for a particular year. For example, a chart might show a line labeled “2023 Variation 6°W”, which means that the variation for that location in 2023 is 6 degrees west of true north.

To use a compass effectively for navigation, you need to adjust for variation by either adding or subtracting the appropriate amount from your heading. This will ensure that you are actually travelling in the direction you intend to go, even if your compass is pointing slightly off of true north due to magnetic variation.

It’s important to note that variation changes over time, so you should always consult the most up-to-date chart and navigation information to ensure accuracy in your calculations.

Compass deviation

Another factor that needs to be considered when using a compass for navigation is compass deviation. Compass deviation refers to the error in a magnetic compass caused by the magnetic fields of a vessel’s own structure and equipment. In other words, a compass will not necessarily point to true north or south because of the magnetic influence of the vessel itself.

This deviation can be caused by a variety of factors, such as the presence of steel or iron in the vessel’s hull, or by the presence of electrical equipment that creates a magnetic field. Deviation can also vary depending on the vessel’s orientation with respect to the Earth’s magnetic field, so it may be different when the vessel is heading north compared to when it is heading east or west.

To correct for compass deviation, a vessel will typically use a compass deviation card or table that lists the deviation values for different headings. This information can be obtained by swinging the compass, which involves turning the vessel in a complete circle while comparing the compass reading to the known true heading at each point. Once the deviation is known, the compass readings can be adjusted accordingly to provide more accurate navigation.

These are just a few reminders of how to read a nautical chart. There is no mention of the traditional methods and instruments used to plot a course. It is also a reminder that it is not prudent to place blind faith in electronics without having a good understanding of navigation skills, as well as seamanship and meteorology.

Take a look here at our Chart Symbol apps:

For all sailors who use paper nautical charts or electronic ones – with these apps you’ll have all the chart explanations to hand.

Boating App – Chart Symbols & Abbreviations

Boating App – Electronic Chart Symbols (ECDIS)

Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms used on Paper and Electronic Navigational Charts

(* source: NOAA – the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USA), the American scientific and regulatory agency – Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms used on Paper and Electronic Nautical Charts ENCs)

Paper and Electronic Navigational Charts: Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms used on Marine Navigation Charts 

see a full list of symbols used on paper nautical charts (and their digital raster image equivalents) and the corresponding symbols used to portray Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC) data on Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS).

https://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/publications/docs/us-chart-1/ChartNo1.pdf

April 15, 2019

Prepared in USA Jointly by

Department of Commerce – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Department of Defense – National Geospatial Intelligence Agency

ECDIS Symbols and Other ECDIS Information

Symbology for displaying Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) on Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) has been added to U.S. Chart No. 1.

In addition to the ECDIS symbols shown in the traditional lettered sections of U.S. Chart No. 1, there are now several special pages devoted exclusively to providing important details about ECDIS. These pages are distinguished by the ECDIS icon, as shown in the top left corner of this page. The ECDIS pages are also listed in the table of contents in italic type.

One major difference in the use of paper charts and ENCs is the ability of ECDIS to display the same feature differently depending on user settings and other conditions, such as a ship’s draft. An important example is that ECDIS displays wrecks, rocks and other obstructions with their traditional “paper chart” symbols if they are at or deeper than the depth of the safety contour set for the ship. Dangers that are shoaler are portrayed with the unique ECDIS “isolated danger” symbol shown at left. (See the ECDIS Portrayal of Depths page for more information about the ECDIS safety contour.)

Another advantage that ECDIS provides over paper charts is enabling users to obtain more information about a feature through a “cursor pick.” Some feature attribute values that can be obtained by cursor pick are noted throughout U.S. Chart No. 1. This is especially true if a particular value, such as height, vertical clearance or the like is included in the INT symbol description. The cursor pick icon, shown at left, is used to indicate when a reference to a cursor pick is made.

There are many other attribute values that users may obtain through a cursor pick that are not specifically noted. These include, but are not limited to, the purpose, seasonality, periodicity, status, color, height, type of structure and the visual or radar conspicuousness of features; shape, color or color pattern of buoys; characteristics of lights; category of obstructions and wrecks; radar wave length, radio frequency, communication channel and call signs; the presence of AIS transmitted signals; information regarding pilotage services and many more.

U.S. Chart No. 1 is a handy guide for ECDIS users, but it is no substitute for mandated ECDIS training.

The ECDIS user and developer communities are invited to help improve the presentation of ECDIS symbology and information in U.S. Chart No. 1. Please let NOAA know what additional information you would like to see in the next edition.

Corrections, comments, or questions regarding U.S. Chart No. 1 may be submitted through ASSIST, the NOAA Coast Survey stakeholder engagement and feedback website at: www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/customerservice/assist ,

or mailed to:

National Ocean Service, NOAA (N/CS2) Attention: U.S. Chart No. 1

1315 East West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20912-3282

SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS

Contents of the page “Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms used on Marine Navigation Charts”

Document Sections and ECDIS Pages       

Introduction                                                                 5

Schematic Layout                                                         8

Day, Dusk and Night Color Palettes                             9

Conspicuous and Non-Conspicuous Features            28

ECDIS Portrayal of Depths                                          47

Examples of Routing Measures in ECDIS                    69

Simplified and Traditional Paper Chart symbols          90

Index of Abbreviations                                              111

Index                                                                        117

Appendix 1, IALA Maritime Buoyage System              128

Symbol Sections                           

• A   Chart Number, Title, Marginal Notes
• B Positions, Distances, Directions, Compass
• C   Natural Features
• D Cultural Features
• E   Landmarks
• G  (Not currently used)

HYDROGRAPHY

• H   Tides, Currents
• J   Nature of the Seabed
• K Rocks, Wrecks, Obstructions, Aquaculture
• L   Offshore Installations
• M  Tracks, Routes
• N Areas, Limits
• O   (Not currently used)

NAVIGATION AIDS AND SERVICES

• P   Lights
• Q Buoys, Beacons
• R   Fog Signals
• S Radar, Radio, Satellite Navigation Systems
• T   Services
• U   Small Craft (Leisure) Facilities

View the full document – Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms used on Paper and Electronic Nautical Charts ENCs)

Seven critical danger Nautical Chart symbols

identify in short time the seven vital danger symbols in Marine Charts, these that could rip a hole in your boat’s hull, damage your keel, bend a propeller shaft, mangle a propeller, or cause you to go aground .

There are dozens of danger symbols used on nautical charts today, but here are some of the more common ones. Know these ‘ship killers’ to stay safer on the waters of the world wherever you choose to sail or cruise.

1. Rocks Note how the basic rock symbol looks like a plus sign. This means a rock that’s beneath the water surface all the time. A symbol that looks like an asterisk means the rock will uncover (become visible) at low tide. A plus sign with dots in the corners means the rock lies just beneath the surface, even at low tide.

2. Islets (small islands) Small islands–called ‘islets’–are common in the Bahamas, Caribbean, and Pacific. Islets surrounded by a solid line are visible at all tidal stages. A number indicates the maximum height at high tide (or charted datum). Islets surrounded by a wavy, squiggly line cover and uncover with the tide. At higher tides, the islet will be covered. A number indicates its height above water when uncovered at lower tidal stages.

3. Breakers Breakers form when ocean swell meets a sea bottom that’s only one to two times their height. For example, if a two foot swell travels over a bottom two to four feet deep, it will break.

Breakers are dangerous to any small craft because they can cause loss of rudder or propeller control.

Stay clear of any symbol like that shown in the illustration above. You may also see the abbreviation ‘Br’ used alone without the symbol.

4. Coral Reefs The world’s most popular cruising grounds–Bahamas, Caribbean islands, and Pacific atolls–also contain some of the most dangerous waters. Study your navigational chart with care and look for the ‘Co’ abbreviation close to any rock or islet symbol.

5. Obstructions Easy to miss on a nautical or electronic chart display, obstructions can cause damage to propellers, shafts, and keels. Many charts use only an abbreviation ‘Obstn’ to warn mariners. Dots around a circle mean an unknown hazard lurks beneath the surface. Tiny enclosed circles could be broken stumps, old piling remnants, or submerged poles and posts.

6. Wrecks Fish-bones and sunken-hull illustrations make up the most common wreck symbols. Fish-bones without dots are safe to sail across. Cartographers put these on charts to warn commercial fishing trawlers not to drag nets and to caution ships not to anchor. Give fish-bones surrounded by dots or sunken-hull symbols a wide berth to avoid hull damage.

7. Spoil Area Deadlier than the plague, identify, highlight, and stay clear of dashed outlines with descriptions like ‘Spoil Area’, ‘Fish Haven’, ‘Fish Traps’, or ‘Dumping Ground’. Ever wonder where all those old cars and trucks, building material, or garbage goes? Now you know! Spoil areas never show soundings because depths change all the time.

Danger Abbreviations You Need to Know Familiarize yourself with the danger abbreviations used with or without the symbols described above. Study these until you know them at-a-glance:

Rk, R or Rks – Rock or Rocks Hk or Wk – Hulk or Wreck Obstn – Submerged Obstruction Co – Coral

Foul – Foul Ground These additional abbreviations may be found alongside any danger symbol, or they may stand alone. For instance ‘Shoal Rep’ means that shallow water was reported (‘Rep’) at that position by a mariner, but it has not been surveyed. Stay clear of any area on your navigation chart marked by these abbreviations.

PA – Position Approximate PD – Position Doubtful ED – Existence Doubtful Rep – Reported SD – Sounding Doubtful

Now you know how to identify any of the seven danger group symbols on any sailing chart in the world. Use these chart navigation secrets to give you the edge and keep your crew safe and sound wherever you choose to cruise.

Learn more about nautical chart symbols and abbreviations. Download the free publication ‘Chart No. 1: Nautical Chart Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms’, here .

John Jamieson (Captain John) with 25+ years of experience shows you the no-nonsense cruising skills you need for safer sailing worldwide. Visit his website at www.skippertips.com. Sign up for the Free, highly popular weekly ‘Captain John’s Sailing Tip-of-the-Week’. Discover how you can gain instant access to hundreds of sailing articles, videos, and e-Books!

(source: https://www.sail-world.com/Australia/Know-these-seven-danger-nautical-chart-symbols/-107197?source=google )

YOUTUBE VIDEOS on Nautical Maps and Charts:

Maritime Navigation Chart Symbols

BOOKS on the subject of Marine Maps and Charts:

The golden age of Maritime Maps

The sea chart : the illustrated history of Nautical Maps and navigational charts

How to read a Nautical Chart : a complete guide to the Symbols, Abbreviations, and Data displayed on Nautical Charts

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NAUTICAL CHART SYMBOLS & ABBREVIATIONS app iTunes app

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see also:  Glossary of Nautical Charts – terms used in the marine charts industry

See also: symbols, abbreviations and terms used in nautical charts , (canadian hydrographic office) paper nautical charts (sncs , rncs) and electronic nautical charts (encs), see also:  symbols, abbreviations, terms used in hellenic issue nautical charts – int1, see also:  symbols, abbreviations, terms used in norwegian hydrographic service (nhs) nautical charts – int1 “symboler og forkortelser i norske sjøkart”, see also: the list of abbreviations used in nautical charts, see also:  maritime shipping glossary / dictionary, see also: symbols, abbreviations and terms used in marine navigational charts , paper nautical charts (sncs , rncs) and electronic nautical charts (encs), recent posts.

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List Of Symbols

In general, the symbols used in this book are those recommended by the International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC). However, in the chapters on scantling determination (hull dimensioning) and the Nordic Boat Standard (rig dimensioning) other symbols have been used. This is to simplify the later use of these standards by readers.

h roughness height, or rudder height, or design head, or height of stiffener, or mast height above deck or superstructure to the highest sail-carrying forestay

H floor height

H1/3 significant wave height h., distance between rudder bearings

HA heeling arm hb distance from bottom of rudder to lowest bearing •

I height of fore triangle (TOR), or moment of inertia

IL longitudinal moment of inertia of water plane area

IMS International Measurement System

IOR International Offshore Rule

ISO International Standards Organization

IT transverse moment of inertia of water plane area

Ivv mass moment of inertia around a transverse axis through G

Ix transverse moment of inertia for the mast

L longitudinal moment of inertia for the mast

J base of fore triangle (IOR)

k gyradius in pitch, or aspect ratio factor k, mast panel factor, or aspect ratio factor k2 mast staying factor k3 mast step factor

Kq torque coefficient

Kt thrust coefficient

1 horizontal length of rudder at centre of effort, or Ions span of panel, or stiffener length

L length, general, or length rated, or lift

Lr floor length

2.3 rig panel lengths la distance from LWI_ to top of aft stay lc distance from leading edge to centre of effort

LCB longitudinal centre of buoyancy

Loa length overall

L length between perpendiculars

LWI length of waterline m mass displacement, mass (general), or mast material factor

M bending moment, or metacentre

Mbhull hull bending moment

Mfl floor bending moment

Mk] floor bending moment, from grounding

MkI transverse moment from keel

Mr rudder bending moment

M. spreader bending moment

N rudder force factor

NBS Nordic boat standard n number of persons on board, or rate of revolutions, or number of floors in way of keel n..K number of keelbolts

SMfl floor scction modulus

SMhu„ hull girder section modulus

SM- section modulus to inside of panel

SMk section modulus increase in way of keel

SM0 section modulus to outside of panel

SMW spinnaker width (IOR)

Sw wetted surface area

Swc wetted surface area with V indice H •.

t, tmax thickness and maximum thickness, respectively

T draft of yacht, or propeller thrust, or tensile strength

Tj wave period, or transverse foresail force

T2 transverse mainsail force

Tboom transverse force at foot of mainsail

Tbu upper boom force tc core thickness

TCG transverse centre of gravity tf face thickness

Thead transverse force at top of mainsail

Th] lower shroud force

Thu upper shroud force

Tr rudder torsional moment

Ts time to stop

V volume displacement, or yacht speed

Vj 2 vertical shroud

VAW apparent wind speed

VAWe effective apparent wind speed, yacht heeled

VCB vertical centre of buoyancy

VPP Velocity Prediction Program

W weight displacement, or effective width of panel, or fibre angle

Wf fibre content by weight

Wk weight of ballast

X0 position of neutral axis xlc distance from leading edge to centre of rudderstock

Xm ratio of mat in a composite

X.Y.Z Cartesian coordinates. Origin at FP. X aftwards, Y to starboard, Z vertically upwards y deflection

Yk distance from keel centre of gravity to Lwl

a angle of attack, or scale factor oca aft stay angle to mast at forestay angle to mast

(3 leeway angle

|312 3 diagonal shroud angle to mast

Paw apparent wind angle

Yj 2 vertical shroud angle

8 Taylor parameter, or horizontal angle of spreader

SRM additional righting moment from crew to windward r| safety factor r|0 propeller efficiency

0 trim angle

X wavelength, or taper ratio

v kinematic viscosity p density a normal stress, or cavitation number a0 2 yield stress a.. design stress cl ^

a. design stress for rudder stock

L w a, normal stress in sandwich face ou ultimate stress av yield stress t Burrill parameter, or shear stress

O heel angle co0 natural frequency (in roll)

coe frequency of wave encounter

V volume displacement

Indices c canoe body k keel r rudder u upper

Conversion factors

To convert metric measures into imperial measures, multiply by x To convert imperial measures into metric measures, multiply by y

Millimetres (mm) Centimetres (cm) Metres (m) Metres (m) Metres (m) Kilometres (km) Kilometres (km)

Square millimetres (mm2) Square centimetres (cm2) Square metres (nv) Square metres (m:) Square metres (nr)

Cubic centimetres (cm3) Cubic metres (nr) Cubic metres (nf) Litres (L) Litres (L) Litres (L) Litres (L)

Mass and Weight

Grams (g) Kilograms (kg) Tonnes, metric (T) Tonnes, metric (T) Newton (N) Kilonewton (kN)

Pressure, stress, work, energy

Newton/mm2 (N/mm: ) Kilonewton/mnr ( kN/mnr) Pascal (Pa) ( = 1 N/m2 ) Kilopascal (kPa) (= 1 kN/ra2) Megapascal (MPa) (= 1 N/mnr) Gigapascal (GPa) (= 1 kN/mm2) Newton-metres (Nm) K i 1 o 11 e w ton -me très (kN m ) Horsepower (metric) Kilowatts (kW)

Metres per second (m/s) Metres per second (m/s) Kilometres per hour (km/h) Kilometres per hour (km/h)

Square inches Square inches Square inches Square feet Square yards

Cubic inches Cubic feet Cubic yards Cubic inches Cubic feet US gallons Imp gallons

Pounds/cubic fool

Pounds/sq inch Pounds/sq inch Pounds/sq inch Pounds/sq inch Pounds/sq inch Pounds/sq inch Foot-pounds Foot-pounds Horsepower (imp) Horsepower (imp)

Feet per second Knots

Miles per hour Knots

0.0016 0.155 1600.0 10.764 0.8355

0.0353 2.2046 2204.6 0.9843 0.2247 224.73

3.2808 1.9425 0.6214 0.5397

28.350 0.4536 0.00045 1.0160 4.450 0.0044

0.3048 0.5148 1.6093 1.8532

Continue reading here: Methodology

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Readers' Questions

What instrument standard symbols in ship?

In ships, standardized symbols are used to represent various instruments and systems. Some of the commonly used symbols include: Helm or steering wheel: Represents the instrument used to control the ship's direction. Compass: Symbolizes the navigational compass used to determine the ship's heading. Binoculars: Represents the use of binoculars for navigation and lookout purposes. Radar: Symbolized by concentric circles, it depicts the ship's radar system used for detecting other vessels and obstacles. GPS: Represented by a globe with satellite signals, it symbolizes the Global Positioning System used for accurate position identification. Sonar: Depicted by a curved line with waves, it represents the ship's sonar system used for underwater detection and navigation. VHF radio: Symbolized by an antenna with vertical lines, it represents the ship's radio communication system. EPIRB: Depicted by a square or box, it symbolizes the Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon used to alert rescue services in case of emergencies. Fire detection system: Represented by a flame symbol, it signifies the ship's fire detection and alarm system. Lifebuoy: Symbolized by a circular object with rope, it represents a lifebuoy used for rescue purposes. These symbols help in quickly identifying the different instruments and systems on a ship, ensuring effective navigation and safety.

What symbol is used to denote ship displacement?

The symbol used to denote ship displacement is □.

Boat Sailor

Sailing flags 101: navigating maritime communication with confidence.

Ahoy, fellow sailors and sea enthusiasts! If you’ve ever set sail on the open waters, you’re likely familiar with the vibrant array of flags fluttering aboard vessels. These seemingly humble pieces of fabric hold significant importance in maritime communication, allowing sailors to convey messages, assert their intentions, and navigate safely. Join me on this journey as we delve into the world of sailing flags, decoding their meanings, understanding their etiquette, and unlocking the secrets they hold.

Introduction to Sailing Flags

Sailing flags, often referred to as nautical flags, play a pivotal role in the language of the sea. These distinct flags serve as visual signals, enabling sailors to communicate with one another across the vast expanses of water. Whether you’re a seasoned mariner or a novice adventurer, understanding the art of flag communication is essential for a smooth and safe voyage.

Understanding Different Types of Sailing Flags

The ocean is a realm governed by its own set of rules, and sailing flags provide the key to deciphering these rules. From the International Code of Signals flags that convey messages in an internationally recognized manner, to the specialized flags used in competitive racing, each type of flag holds a unique significance that guides sailors through a myriad of situations.

Decoding Sailing Flag Colors and Symbols

Colors and symbols within sailing flags are not mere aesthetics; they carry vital meanings that help sailors convey messages effectively. From the bold red of a “C” flag representing “Affirmative” to the stark white and blue of the “H” flag indicating “I have a pilot on board,” these visual cues serve as a silent language shared by sailors worldwide.

Choosing the Right Sailing Flags for Your Vessel

Proper Display and Etiquette of Sailing Flags

As with any language, flag communication has its own set of protocols. The position and arrangement of flags on your vessel communicate specific messages to fellow sailors and maritime authorities. Mastering flag etiquette not only enhances communication but also demonstrates your respect for time-honored seafaring traditions.

Enhancing Safety with Sailing Flags

Safety at sea is paramount, and sailing flags play a crucial role in avoiding collisions and navigating tricky waters. By hoisting the right flags, you signal your intentions and help prevent misunderstandings among vessels. Clear communication through flags can be a lifesaver in situations where verbal communication isn’t feasible.

Sailing Flags in Competitive Sailing

In the world of competitive sailing, flags take on an even more strategic role. Racing flags convey information about starts, penalties, and course changes, giving sailors a competitive edge when interpreted correctly. As a savvy sailor, understanding these racing flags can be the difference between victory and defeat.

Signaling Distress and Emergency Situations

Though we set sail with optimism, it’s vital to be prepared for unforeseen emergencies. Sailing flags, particularly distress signals, are designed to attract attention and summon assistance when needed most. Familiarizing yourself with distress flag protocols can ensure a timely response in critical situations.

DIY Guide: Making Your Own Sailing Flags

For those seeking a personal touch, crafting your own sailing flags can be a rewarding endeavor. With a few basic materials and a touch of creativity, you can design flags that reflect your vessel’s character and your maritime spirit. Handcrafted flags also make for cherished mementos of your seafaring adventures.

Maintenance and Care of Sailing Flags

Flags endure the brunt of wind, salt, and sun. To ensure they remain vibrant and effective, proper maintenance is essential. Storing flags correctly and periodic cleaning can extend their lifespan and maintain their legibility, ensuring you’re always ready to communicate with confidence.

Navigating International Waters with Sailing Flags

When traversing international waters, the language of sailing flags becomes a universal means of communication. Adhering to internationally recognized flag standards minimizes misunderstandings among vessels of different nationalities. A clear understanding of these standards fosters a sense of camaraderie among sailors worldwide.

Sailing Flags as Collectibles and Souvenirs

Beyond their practical applications, sailing flags can hold sentimental value. Collecting historical or unique flags can be a rewarding hobby, connecting you to maritime history and preserving the legacy of seafaring adventures. Each flag tells a story, and as a collector, you become a guardian of these maritime tales.

Flag Communication Beyond Sailing

The symbolism of flags extends beyond maritime use. From national flags that symbolize countries to flags that represent causes and movements, these banners serve as potent tools for expression. By understanding the power of flag symbolism, you can appreciate their broader cultural significance.

Eco-Friendly Options for Sailing Flags

As stewards of the sea, sailors have a role to play in environmental conservation. Opting for sustainable materials when creating or replacing sailing flags minimizes the ecological footprint of maritime activities. By making conscious choices, you contribute to the preservation of the oceans you love to explore.

Embarking on a sailing adventure is more than a journey; it’s an opportunity to embrace a unique language of communication—the language of flags. From conveying messages to ensuring safety and commemorating experiences, sailing flags are essential tools for sailors worldwide. As you hoist your flags and set sail, remember that every fluttering banner tells a story, connecting you to a rich tapestry of maritime history.

Can I use any type of fabric to make my own sailing flags?

While you have some flexibility, it’s best to use durable, weather-resistant fabrics like nylon or polyester for longevity.

Are there regional variations in sailing flag meanings?

The International Code of Signals strives for global consistency, but local variations can exist. Familiarize yourself with regional practices if sailing in unfamiliar waters.

What’s the significance of the “O” flag in racing?

The “O” flag indicates a false start in racing. Boats crossing the line prematurely are required to restart.

Can distress signals be communicated using light signals at night?

Yes, distress signals can be communicated using lights in addition to flags. The SOS signal, for instance, can be conveyed through Morse code with a flashlight.

Can I fly multiple flags at once?

Yes, you can fly multiple flags, but ensure they’re properly arranged and that their meanings won’t conflict or confuse other sailors.

Michael Thompson

Embarking on a lifelong love affair with the sea, I found solace and exhilaration in the art of sailing. From navigating treacherous waters to harnessing the wind's untamed power, my passion has evolved into a mission to inspire others. Join me on a voyage of discovery as we explore the vast horizons of sailing's timeless allure.

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Understanding Nautical Chart Symbols Before Setting Sail On Your Yacht

Before planning a maritime adventure aboard your yacht, it’s crucial to familiarize yourself with the language of nautical charts. These charts, adorned with an array of symbols and markings, serve as indispensable navigational tools for sailors. Understanding nautical chart symbols is essential for safe and efficient navigation in yacht party Dubai new year , ensuring that you can steer confidently through any waters.

Depth soundings:

One of the most fundamental elements of a nautical chart is depth soundings, represented by contour lines and numerical values. These indicate water depths at specific locations, allowing sailors to steer safely and avoid shallow areas or underwater hazards. Understanding depth soundings is essential for determining the navigable depth of a waterway and planning a safe course for your yacht.

Navigational aids:

Nautical charts are replete with symbols denoting various navigational aids, such as buoys, beacons, and lighthouses. Each symbol carries specific information regarding the type and characteristics of the aid, including its color, shape, and light characteristics. By interpreting these symbols, sailors can identify key points of reference, mark hazards, and steer safely through unfamiliar waters, even in low visibility conditions.

Obstructions and hazards:

To steer clear of dangers lurking beneath the surface, sailors must be vigilant in identifying symbols indicating obstructions and hazards on nautical charts. These may include rocks, reefs, wrecks, and other submerged obstacles that pose a threat to navigation. By heeding these warnings and plotting a course around such hazards, sailors can mitigate the risk of accidents and ensure the safety of their vessel and crew.

Channels and traffic separation schemes:

Steering busy waterways requires a keen understanding of symbols delineating channels and traffic separation schemes on nautical charts. These symbols indicate designated routes for vessels, including shipping lanes, traffic separation zones, and recommended tracks. By adhering to these guidelines and maintaining awareness of other vessels’ movements, sailors can steer safely and efficiently through congested areas, minimizing the risk of collisions and ensuring smooth passage.

Shoreline features:

Nautical charts also depict various shoreline features, such as beaches, cliffs, and landmarks, which serve as visual aids for navigation. These symbols provide valuable context for sailors, helping them orient themselves relative to the coastline and identify anchorage or refuge points. By utilizing these shoreline features in conjunction with other navigational cues, sailors can steer with confidence and explore coastal regions with ease.

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Exploring Marine Construction Basics

A Complete Guide to Yacht Types and Sizes

• by yachtman
• August 28, 2023 August 26, 2023

Yachts, symbols of luxury and leisure, provide a stunning escape. From motor yachts to sailing yachts, the world of yachting is both diverse and captivating. Journey with us as we explore the different types and sizes of yachts, uncovering their secrets.

Climb onboard a superyacht , the queen of the seas. These floating palaces boast remarkable dimensions, with amenities such as swimming pools, helipads, and even submarines. Ideal for those seeking indulgence, superyachts are the epitome of yachting excellence.

For a more intimate experience, try a luxury motor yacht . With powerful engines, they let you visit multiple destinations quickly. Enjoy the lap of luxury as you cruise across the sea, appreciating every moment on board these vessels.

Sailing lovers will appreciate classic sailing yachts . Watch their silhouettes gracefully cut through the waves, powered by wind. Feel the passion for sailing, and the freedom, on an adventure akin to ancient seafarers. Uncover your inner explorer while savoring unparalleled serenity.

Catamarans are ideal for sailing with precision and finesse. With twin hulls offering stability and space, catamarans offer great comfort. Enjoy vibrant sunsets to tranquil anchorages, and bliss on water, with these versatile vessels.

For those keen on exploration, expedition yachts are perfect. Built tough and with advanced tech, they are designed for explorations to remote areas. Discover untouched landscapes, encounter wildlife, and make memories in the far-flung corners of the world.

Types of Yachts

Sailboats to mega-yachts – there’s a large choice of yachts. Let’s delve into the types and sizes that meet different needs.

Take a gander at the table below for an overview of yachts:

Sailing yachts are graceful and use wind power. Motor yachts are speedy and powered by engines.

Catamarans stand out with their steadiness and roominess – great for a leisurely cruise. Trawler yachts are great for long-distance trips because they’re fuel-efficient and have comfy living areas.

Adventurous souls should check out expedition yachts . Flybridge yachts have an extra deck level for entertainment and relaxation.

Sports fisher yachts are designed for fishing, with special gear and amenities.

Don’t miss out on your dream yacht – find the perfect one and go on amazing sea experiences. Start your journey now!

Sizes of Yachts

Yachts come in plenty of sizes, each with its own unique features and capabilities. To discover the perfect yacht for your needs, let us explore the sizes of yachts via a table showcasing their specifications.

Here’s what the table looks like:

Moreover, take into account that certain yachts have stability systems, others prioritize speed, and some are customized. I once met a yacht owner who wanted a retractable roof! With the help of creative builders, his dream was fulfilled and he got to enjoy a unique experience on the open seas.

Factors to Consider in Choosing the Right Yacht

Making the right yacht choice involves many key points to think about. These include size, type, budget, use and preferences, like amenities . To decide wisely, assess each factor and see how important they are. Here’s a table of the main considerations when choosing a yacht:

In addition, there are unique details you should consider, like if you plan to charter your yacht when not in use, go for a popular model. If privacy is important, choose a yacht with separate crew quarters. So, here are some tips for making the right choice:

• Get expert advice from experienced yacht brokers or naval architects.
• Choose respected brands that hold their value in case you resell.
• Visit boat shows and yacht exhibitions to explore different models and talk to professionals.

By taking all factors into account and following these suggestions, you can find the perfect yacht that fits your needs. Whether for leisure or adventure, the right yacht will give you amazing memories on the sea.

So many options! In this guide, we explore yacht types and sizes, helping you find the perfect vessel. From sailing yachts to motor yachts , each one offers a unique experience. Plus, you can customize your yacht for a truly special journey.

Let me tell you about James . He dreamed of a yacht that matched his adventurous spirit. So, he found a builder who specialized in customization. The result was amazing – a sleek motor yacht with state-of-the-art diving gear, space for fishing equipment, and luxurious comforts. On his customized vessel, James cruised beautiful coastlines and made memories that will last forever.

When you search for your yacht, remember that customization is key. You can have a tranquil sailing experience or a thrilling adventure. Dive into the ocean of possibilities – your imagination is the only limit.

Frequently Asked Questions

FAQ 1: What are the different types of yachts?

There are various types of yachts, including motor yachts, sailing yachts, catamarans, trimarans, superyachts, and expedition yachts. Each type offers unique features and advantages.

FAQ 2: What is the difference between a motor yacht and a sailing yacht?

A motor yacht, as the name suggests, is powered by an engine and offers more speed and convenience. On the other hand, a sailing yacht relies on wind power and provides a traditional sailing experience with a slower pace.

FAQ 3: What is a superyacht?

A superyacht is a luxury yacht with high-end amenities and extravagant features. These yachts often offer spacious cabins, multiple decks, swimming pools, helipads, and other luxurious facilities.

FAQ 4: What is the average size of a yacht?

Yachts can vary greatly in size. The average size of a yacht ranges from 30 to 60 feet. However, larger yachts, known as superyachts, can measure over 100 feet in length.

FAQ 5: What is the advantage of a catamaran or trimaran?

Catamarans and trimarans provide more stability due to their dual or triple hull design. They offer spacious interiors, increased deck space, and enhanced fuel efficiency compared to traditional monohull yachts.

FAQ 6: What is an expedition yacht?

An expedition yacht is designed for long-range cruising and exploring remote destinations. These yachts feature robust construction, advanced navigation systems, and ample storage for supplies and equipment.

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Boat Symbolism & Meaning

Boats, as symbols, often represent journeys of personal discovery, spiritual transition, or emotional exploration. They are generally associated with concepts such as travel, adventure, and exploration, sometimes signifying our capacity to navigate through our emotions or spiritual realms. Boats can also symbolize our ability to move forward, showing the necessary direction and determination to overcome obstacles. They are often seen as vehicles that guide us through the sea of life, indicating our capabilities of steering and maneuvering through various situations and challenges.

Boat in Dreams

From a psychological perspective, dreaming about a boat can provide significant insights into an individual’s state of mind and emotional landscape. In dream analysis, boats can signify the dreamer’s subconscious attempts to deal with emotional issues or transitions. A calm and serene boat ride may indicate a sense of peace and tranquility, signifying that the dreamer is managing their emotions effectively. On the other hand, dreaming about turbulent waters or a sinking boat could reflect feelings of anxiety, fear, or being overwhelmed. It might represent the struggle with emotional turmoil or the fear of diving deep into the subconscious mind.

Boat in Myths and Folklore

Boats have a rich presence in various myths, legends, and folktales across cultures. In many ancient cultures, boats were seen as sacred objects, symbolizing a connection between the human realm and the divine or supernatural world. One of the most famous examples is the myth of Charon, the ferryman in Greek mythology, who transports souls across the River Styx to the afterlife. In Norse mythology, there is a magical ship called Skíðblaðnir, which always has a favorable wind and can be folded up and put in a pocket when not in use. Similarly, in Celtic mythology, boats were often associated with journeys to the Otherworld. These examples underscore the boat’s status as a symbol of transition, transformation, and the journey between different states of existence.

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Symbolopedia

Encyclopedia of Symbols

About the Author

Symbolopedia is an encyclopedia of symbol meanings. Although we tend to favor a scientific explanation of symbols, it's important to keep in mind that symbols operate within the realm of the subconscious, leaving room for a touch of imagination to persist. Our articles include sources for further learning about each symbol.

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