Удмуртская Республика | |
Other transcription(s) | |
• Udmurt | Удмурт Элькун |
Anthem: | |
Coordinates: 52°45′E / 57.283°N 52.750°E / 57.283; 52.750 | |
Country | |
Capital | |
Government | |
• Body | |
• | |
Area | |
• Total | 42,061 km (16,240 sq mi) |
Population ( ) | |
• Total | 1,452,914 |
• Estimate | 1,513,044 |
• Rank | |
• Density | 35/km (89/sq mi) |
• | 65.7% |
• | 34.3% |
( ) | |
RU-UD | |
18 | |
ID | 94000000 |
Official languages | ; |
Website |
Udmurtia , [note 1] officially the Udmurt Republic , [note 2] is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe . It is administratively part of the Volga Federal District . Its capital is the city of Izhevsk .
Demographics, settlements, vital statistics, ethnic groups, religious groups, further reading, external links.
It was established as the Udmurt (until 1931 — Votskaya) Autonomous Region on November 4, 1920 [10] .
The name Udmurt comes from odo-mort ('meadow people'), where the first part represents the Permic root od or odo ('meadow, glade, turf, greenery'). This is supported by a document dated 1557, in which the Udmurts [11] are referred to as lugovye lyudi ('meadow people'), alongside the traditional Russian name otyaki . [12]
The second part murt means 'person' (cf. Komi mort , Mari mari ). It is probably an early borrowing from a Scythian language: mertä or martiya ('person, man'; Sanskrit: Manus or Manushya), which is thought to have been borrowed from the Indo-Aryan term maryá- ('man, mortal, one who is bound to die'. cf. Old Indic márya ('young warrior') and marut ('chariot warrior'), both connected specifically with horses and chariots. [13] The Indo-Europeanists T. Gamkrelidze and V. Ivanov associate this word with horse-riding Altaic tribes in the Bronze Age . [14] [15]
On the other hand, in the Russian tradition, the name 'meadow people' refers to the inhabitants of the left bank of river in particular. [ clarification needed ] Recently, the most relevant is the version of V. V. Napolskikh and S. K. Belykh. They suppose that ethnonym was borrowed either from Indo-Iranian * anta 'outside, close, last, edge, limit, boundary' or Turkic-Altaic * anda / * ant 'oath (in fidelity), comrade, friend'. [16]
on the |
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On November 4, 1920, the Votyak Autonomous Oblast was formed. [17] On January 1, 1932, it was renamed Udmurt Autonomous Oblast , [18] which was then reorganized into the Udmurt ASSR on December 28, 1934. [17] During World War II , many industrial factories were evacuated from the Ukrainian SSR and western borderlands to Udmurtia.
On October 11, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Udmurt ASSR adopted a law according to which the Udmurt ASSR acquired a new name — the Udmurt Republic [19]
The republic is located to the west of the Ural Mountains and borders Kirov , Perm , Bashkortostan , and Tatarstan . [20]
Udmurtia is a republic in the Russian Federation, located in Central Russia between the branches of the rivers Kama and its right tributary the Vyatka .
The city of Izhevsk is the administrative, industrial and cultural center of Udmurtia. Geographically, it is located not far from Moscow, the capital and largest city of the Russian Federation. The city has a well-developed transport system (including air, land, and water).
Udmurtia borders Kirov Oblast to the west and north, Perm Oblast to the east, and the Bashkortostan and Tatarstan Republics to the south.
The republic has a moderate continental climate , with warm summers and cold, snowy winters. Annual precipitation averages 400–600 mm. [ citation needed ]
Month | Average temperature |
---|---|
January | −14.5 °C (5.9 °F) |
July | +18.3 °C (64.9 °F) |
Population: 1,452,914 ( 2021 Census ) ; [21] 1,521,420 ( 2010 Russian census ) ; [22] 1,570,316 ( 2002 Census ) ; [23] 1,609,003 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . [24]
Although as of 2007 the population was declining, the decline was stabilizing and was more pronounced in urban areas. Out of the 19,667 births reported in 2007, 12,631 were in urban areas (11.86 per 1,000) and 7,036 were in rural areas (14.88 per 1,000). Birth rates for rural areas are 25% higher than that of urban areas. Of the total of 21,727 deaths, 14,366 were reported in urban areas (13.49 per 1,000) and 7,361 were in rural areas (15.56 per 1,000). Natural decline of the population was measured at −0.16% for urban areas and an insignificant −0.07% for rural areas (the average for Russia was −0.33% in 2007). [25]
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Pop. | ||||||||
| 1 | 627,734 | | ||||||
2 | 101,381 | ||||||||
3 | 99,022 | ||||||||
4 | 95,854 | ||||||||
5 | 47,961 | ||||||||
6 | 20,737 | ||||||||
7 | 19,984 | ||||||||
8 | 16,121 | ||||||||
9 | 11,080 | ||||||||
10 | 11,021 |
Year | ||
---|---|---|
1926 | 756,264 | — |
1939 | 1,219,350 | +61.2% |
1959 | 1,336,927 | +9.6% |
1970 | 1,417,675 | +6.0% |
1979 | 1,493,670 | +5.4% |
1989 | 1,609,003 | +7.7% |
2002 | 1,570,316 | −2.4% |
2010 | 1,521,420 | −3.1% |
2021 | 1,452,914 | −4.5% |
Source: Census data |
Source [26]
Average population (× 1,000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1,000) | Crude death rate (per 1,000) | Natural change (per 1,000) | Total fertility rate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 1,421 | 23,286 | 13,265 | 10,021 | 16.4 | 9.3 | 7.1 | |
1975 | 1,459 | 26,497 | 14,666 | 11,831 | 18.2 | 10.1 | 8.1 | |
1980 | 1,508 | 27,601 | 16,862 | 10,739 | 18.3 | 11.2 | 7.1 | |
1985 | 1,562 | 29,343 | 17,553 | 11,790 | 18.8 | 11.2 | 7.5 | |
1990 | 1,614 | 24,345 | 15,816 | 8,529 | 15.1 | 9.8 | 5.3 | 2.04 |
1991 | 1,619 | 22,213 | 16,002 | 6,211 | 13.7 | 9.9 | 3.8 | 1.90 |
1992 | 1,623 | 20,074 | 18,063 | 2,011 | 12.4 | 11.1 | 1.2 | 1.73 |
1993 | 1,622 | 17,126 | 21,923 | −4,797 | 10.6 | 13.5 | −3.0 | 1.48 |
1994 | 1,619 | 16,874 | 24,183 | −7,309 | 10.4 | 14.9 | −4.5 | 1.45 |
1995 | 1,615 | 15,484 | 22,445 | −6,961 | 9.6 | 13.9 | −4.3 | 1.32 |
1996 | 1,610 | 14,877 | 20,641 | −5,764 | 9.2 | 12.8 | −3.6 | 1.26 |
1997 | 1,606 | 15,368 | 19,881 | −4,513 | 9.6 | 12.4 | −2.8 | 1.30 |
1998 | 1,603 | 16,130 | 19,080 | −2,950 | 10.1 | 11.9 | −1.8 | 1.36 |
1999 | 1,598 | 15,793 | 20,745 | −4,952 | 9.9 | 13.0 | −3.1 | 1.32 |
2000 | 1,592 | 16,256 | 21,852 | −5,596 | 10.2 | 13.7 | −3.5 | 1.36 |
2001 | 1,583 | 16,636 | 22,810 | −6,174 | 10.5 | 14.4 | −3.9 | 1.38 |
2002 | 1,572 | 17,746 | 24,520 | −6,774 | 11.3 | 15.6 | −4.3 | 1.46 |
2003 | 1,561 | 17,982 | 24,571 | −6,589 | 11.5 | 15.7 | −4.2 | 1.47 |
2004 | 1,552 | 18,238 | 23,994 | −5,756 | 11.7 | 15.5 | −3.7 | 1.47 |
2005 | 1,543 | 17,190 | 24,006 | −6,816 | 11.1 | 15.6 | −4.4 | 1.38 |
2006 | 1,535 | 17,480 | 22,011 | −4,531 | 11.4 | 14.3 | −3.0 | 1.40 |
2007 | 1,529 | 19,667 | 21,727 | −2,060 | 12.9 | 14.2 | −1.3 | 1.57 |
2008 | 1,525 | 20,421 | 21,436 | −1,015 | 13.4 | 14.1 | −0.7 | 1.65 |
2009 | 1,523 | 21,109 | 20,227 | 882 | 13.9 | 13.3 | 0.6 | 1.71 |
2010 | 1,522 | 21,684 | 21,100 | 584 | 14.3 | 13.9 | 0.4 | 1.78 |
2011 | 1,519 | 21,905 | 20,358 | 1,547 | 14.4 | 13.4 | 1.0 | 1.83 |
2012 | 1,518 | 23,225 | 19,526 | 3,699 | 15.3 | 12.9 | 2.4 | 1.98 |
2013 | 1,517 | 22,138 | 19,332 | 2,806 | 14.6 | 12.7 | 1.9 | 1.92 |
2014 | 1,517 | 22,060 | 19,461 | 2,599 | 14.5 | 12.8 | 1.7 | 1.96 |
2015 | 1,517 | 22,195 | 19,533 | 2,662 | 14.6 | 12.9 | 1.7 | 2.01 |
2016 | 1,517 | 21,024 | 19,090 | 1,934 | 13.8 | 12.6 | 1.2 | 1.96 |
2017 | 1,515 | 17,954 | 18,130 | −176 | 11.9 | 12.0 | -0.1 | 1.72 |
TFR source [27]
According to the 2021 Census , [28] Russians make up 67.7% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Udmurts make up only 24.1%. Other groups include Tatars (5.5%), Mari (0.5%), Ukrainians (0.3%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the republic's total population.
Ethnic group | 1926 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census | 2021 Census | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |||||
395,607 | 52.3% | 484,168 | 34.2% | 479,702 | 32.1% | 496,522 | 30.9% | 460,584 | 29.3% | 410,584 | 28.0% | 299,874 | 24.1% | |||||
9,200 | 1.2% | 2,998 | 0.2% | 2,111 | 0.1% | 1,903 | 0.2% | |||||||||||
327,493 | 43.3% | 809,563 | 57.1% | 870,270 | 58.3% | 945,216 | 58.9% | 944,108 | 60.1% | 912,539 | 62.2% | 841,581 | 67.7% | |||||
17,135 | 2.3% | 87,150 | 6.1% | 99,139 | 6.6% | 110,490 | 6.9% | 109,218 | 7.0% | 98,831 | 6.7% | 67,964 | 5.5% | |||||
Others | 6,781 | 0.9% | 36,794 | 2.6% | 43,061 | 2.9% | 53,435 | 3.3% | 53,408 | 3.4% | 42,558 | 2.9% | 31,540 | 2.5% | ||||
Over two-thirds of the world population of Udmurts live in the republic. [35]
Religion in Udmurtia as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
33.1% | ||||
Other | 2.4% | |||
0.9% | ||||
1.4% | ||||
Other | 5.3% | |||
4.3% | ||||
and other native faiths | 1.5% | |||
29% | ||||
and | 19.1% | |||
Other and undeclared | 3% |
According to a 2012 survey, [36] 33.1% of the population of Udmurtia adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 5% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 2% are Eastern Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Eastern Orthodox churches , 4% are Muslims , 2% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) or to Udmurt Vos (Udmurt native faith), 1% adheres to forms of Protestantism , and 1% of the population are Old Believers . In addition, 29% of the population declares to be " spiritual but not religious ," 19% is atheist , and 3.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. [36]
The local Russian Orthodox Church is the Metropolitanate of Udmurtia, comprising the Eparchy of Izhevsk (founded 1927) under Bishop and Metropolitan Viktorin (Kostenkov) (2015), the Eparchy of Glazov (founded 1889) under Bishop Viktor (Sergeyev) and the Eparchy of Sarapul (founded 1868) under Bishop Anthony (Prostikhin) (2015).
Udmurt Jews are a special territorial group of the Ashkenazi Jews , which started to be formed in the residential areas of mixed Turkic-speaking ( Tatars , Kryashens , Bashkirs , Chuvash people ), Finno-Ugric-speaking ( Udmurts , Mari people ) and Slavic-speaking ( Russians ) population. The Ashkenazi Jews on the territory of the Udmurt Republic first appeared in the 1830s. [38] [39] [40] [41] The Udmurt Jewry had formed the local variety on the base of the Yiddish of Udmurtia till the 1930s and features of Yiddish of migrants "joined" into it (in the 1930s and 1940s); [42] as a result up to the 1970s and 1980s the Udmurt variety of Yiddish ( Udmurtish ) was divided into two linguistic subgroups: the central subgroup (with centers Izhevsk , Sarapul , and Votkinsk ) and the southern subgroup (with centers Kambarka , Alnashi , Agryz and Naberezhnye Chelny ). [42] One of the characteristic features of the Udmurtish is a noticeable number of Udmurt and Tatar loan words. [43] [44]
Udmurt folklore is understood both in a broad sense ( kalyk oner , kalyk todon-valan , kalyk viz - folk knowledge, folk wisdom), and in a narrower one ( kalyk kylos , kalyk kylburet - folk poetry, oral poetry). In everyday life, folklore is not divided into genres, it is perceived in unity with material culture, with religious, legal and ethical aspects. Popular terms-definitions have incorporated the ritual action ( syam , nerge , yilol , kiston , kuyaskon , syuan , madiskon ), symbolically figurative and magically forming words ( madkyl , vyzhykyl , tunkyl , kylbur ), musical and choreographic behavior ( krez , gur , shudon-serekyan , thatchan , ecton ). [45]
Sarapul is a city and a river port in the Udmurt Republic, Russia, located on the right bank of the Kama River, 66 kilometers (41 mi) southeast of Izhevsk, the capital of the republic. Population: 101,381 (2010 Russian census) ; 103,141 (2002 Census) ; 110,381 (1989 Soviet census) .
Agryz is a town and the administrative center of Agryzsky District in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, located on the Izh River, 304 kilometers (189 mi) east of Kazan. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 19,300.
Kambarka is a town and the administrative center of Kambarsky District of the Udmurt Republic, Russia, located on the Kambarka River, 116 kilometers (72 mi) southeast of Izhevsk. Population: 11,021 (2010 Russian census) ; 12,636 (2002 Census) ; 13,258 (1989 Soviet census) .
Khaybullinsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the south of the republic and borders with Zilairsky and Baymaksky Districts in the north, Orenburg Oblast in the east and south, and with Zianchurinsky District in the west. The area of the district is 3,912 square kilometers (1,510 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Akyar. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 33,398, with the population of Akyar accounting for 20.8% of that number.
Krasnokamsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the republic and borders with the territory of the city of republic significance of Neftekamsk in the north, Yanaulsky District in the northeast, Kaltasinsky District in the east, Ilishevsky District in the south, the Republic of Tatarstan in the south and southwest, and with the Udmurt Republic in the west and northwest. The area of the district is 1,594.92 square kilometers (615.80 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Nikolo-Beryozovka. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 27,986, with the population of Nikolo-Beryozovka accounting for 21.8% of that number.
Yanaulsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the republic and borders Perm Krai to the north, Tatyshlinsky District to the east, Burayevsky District to the southeast, Kaltasinsky District to the south, Krasnokamsky District to the southwest and Udmurt Republic to the west. The area of the district is 2,094 square kilometers (808 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Yanaul. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 21,210.
Babayurtovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the northern central part of the republic. The area of the district is 3,262.3 square kilometers (1,259.6 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Babayurt. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 45,701, with the population of Babayurt accounting for 33.3% of that number.
Kayakentsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the east of the republic. The area of the district is 640 square kilometers (250 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Novokayakent. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 54,089, with the population of Novokayakent accounting for 9.5% of that number.
Kaytagsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the republic. The area of the district is 678.24 square kilometers (261.87 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Madzhalis. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 31,368, with the population of Madzhalis accounting for 21.7% of that number.
Laksky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the southern central part of the republic. The area of the district is 750 square kilometers (290 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Kumukh. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 12,161, with the population of Kumukh accounting for 15.9% of that number.
Shamkhal is an urban locality under the administrative jurisdiction of Kirovsky City District of the City of Makhachkala in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 11,855.
Vengerovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty in Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 6,382.71 square kilometers (2,464.38 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Vengerovo. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 20,446, with the population of Vengerovo accounting for 34.4% of that number.
Talitsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Talitsky Urban Okrug . Its administrative center is the town of Talitsa. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 47,309, with the population of Talitsa accounting for 34.3% of that number.
Danilovsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-three in Volgograd Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Danilovsky Municipal District . It is located in the north of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,960.74 square kilometers (1,143.15 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Danilovka. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 16,908, with the population of Danilovka accounting for 31.4% of that number.
Kalachyovsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-three in Volgograd Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Kalachyovsky Municipal District . It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 4,200 square kilometers (1,600 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kalach-na-Donu. As of the 2021 Census, the total population of the district was 47,566, with the population of Kalach-na-Donu accounting for 37,1% of that number.
Mamedkala is an urban locality in Derbentsky District of the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 11,029.
Komsomolsky is an urban locality under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Kizlyar in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 2,723.
Leninkent is an urban locality under the administrative jurisdiction of Kirovsky City District of the City of Makhachkala in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 15,532.
Sulak is an urban locality under the administrative jurisdiction of Kirovsky City District of the City of Makhachkala in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 8,565.
The Udmurt and Tatar Jews are a special ethnocultural group of Ashkenazi Jews, which originally formed in the areas of the mixed Turkic-speaking, Finno-Ugric-speaking, and Slavic-speaking (Russians) population. From 1807, Jewish people also began to reside in the industrial and administrative centers of Sarapulsky Uezd. Until this time the Jews in this region lived only in Kazan. The occurrence of Jewish communities in the region was made possible only after the decree of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia on August 26, 1827 on the introduction of conscription for the Jews.
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This blog is an attempt to share my love and knowledge of Traditional Folk Clothing and embroidery. I am open to requests to research and transmit information on particular Costumes for dance groups, choirs, etc. I do embroidery and sew costumes myself and I would like to spread interest into this particular Art Form
North udmurt costume.
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48 Facts About Izhevsk. Izhevsk, the capital city of the Udmurt Republic in Russia, is a city steeped in rich history and cultural heritage. With a population of over 600,000, Izhevsk has grown from a small village to a bustling urban center known for its industrial prowess and natural beauty. In this article, we will explore 48 fascinating ...
Udmurtia is a region in the Upper Volga, bordering Kirov Oblast to the west and north, Perm to the east, Bashkortostan to the southeast, and Tatarstan to the south.
On November 4, 1920, the Votyak Autonomous Oblast was formed. [17] On January 1, 1932, it was renamed Udmurt Autonomous Oblast, [18] which was then reorganized into the Udmurt ASSR on December 28, 1934. [17] During World War II, many industrial factories were evacuated from the Ukrainian SSR and western borderlands to Udmurtia.. On October 11, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Udmurt ASSR ...
The basic garment of the north Udmurt costume is, as usual, the chemise, of which nothing shows when the entire costume is worn, except the sleeves, and often the lower hem. The cut of the chemise is very typical. You will notice the appliqued strips of red cloth, which is quite popular in this costume and also among the neighboring Chuvash.